TimedeltaArray

class numpy::TimedeltaArray

numpy C++ class.

Example

#include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
using namespace numpy;

// Use TimedeltaArray
TimedeltaArray obj;
// ... operations ...

Constructors

Signature	Location	Example
TimedeltaArray(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::timedelta64>& data, const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask, bool copy = false)	df_timedelta_array.h:151
explicit TimedeltaArray(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::timedelta64>& data)	df_timedelta_array.h:166
explicit TimedeltaArray(const std::vector<std::optional<numpy::timedelta64>>& values)	df_timedelta_array.h:207
explicit TimedeltaArray(const std::vector<std::string>& duration_strings)	df_timedelta_array.h:227

Construction

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
static TimedeltaArray from_sequence(const std::vector<std::optional<numpy::timedelta64>>& scalars)	static TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:437

Array Creation

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool empty() const	bool	df_timedelta_array.h:292	View

Indexing / Selection

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::timedelta64 at(size_t index) const	numpy::timedelta64	df_timedelta_array.h:344	View
TimedeltaArray take(const std::vector<size_t>& indices, bool allow_fill = false, std::optional<numpy::timedelta64> fill_value = std::nullopt) const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:391	View

Statistics

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<numpy::timedelta64> max() const	std::optional<numpy::timedelta64>	df_timedelta_array.h:817	View
std::optional<numpy::timedelta64> min() const	std::optional<numpy::timedelta64>	df_timedelta_array.h:808	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int64> nanoseconds() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int64>	df_timedelta_array.h:896	View

Sorting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<size_t> argsort(bool ascending = true, const std::string& na_position = "last") const	numpy::NDArray<size_t>	df_timedelta_array.h:737	View

Math Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
TimedeltaArray abs() const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1255	View
TimedeltaArray ceil(const std::string& freq) const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1303	View
TimedeltaArray floor(const std::string& freq) const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1278	View
TimedeltaArray round(const std::string& freq) const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1328	View

Linear Algebra

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
void detect_unit()	void	df_timedelta_array.h:1405

Set Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
TimedeltaArray unique() const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:675	View

I/O

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::timedelta64> to_numpy(const numpy::timedelta64& na_value = numpy::timedelta64::NaT()) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::timedelta64>	df_timedelta_array.h:500	View
std::vector<std::optional<PyTimedelta>> to_pytimedelta() const	std::vector<std::optional<PyTimedelta>>	df_timedelta_array.h:961
std::string to_string() const	std::string	df_timedelta_array.h:1357	View

Type Handling

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
TimedeltaArray copy() const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:384	View

Type Checking

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool is_na(size_t index) const	bool	df_timedelta_array.h:355
BooleanArray is_negative() const	BooleanArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1075
BooleanArray is_positive() const	BooleanArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1056
BooleanArray is_zero() const	BooleanArray	df_timedelta_array.h:1094	View

Other Methods

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<size_t> argmax() const	std::optional<size_t>	df_timedelta_array.h:788	View
std::optional<size_t> argmin() const	std::optional<size_t>	df_timedelta_array.h:768	View
static TimedeltaArray concat(const std::vector<TimedeltaArray>& arrays)	static TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:444
size_t count() const	size_t	df_timedelta_array.h:513	View
const numpy::NDArray<numpy::timedelta64>& data() const	const numpy::NDArray<numpy::timedelta64>&	df_timedelta_array.h:317	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int64> days() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int64>	df_timedelta_array.h:830	View
TimedeltaArray dropna() const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:487
dtype_type dtype() const	dtype_type	df_timedelta_array.h:257	View
std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, TimedeltaArray> factorize() const	std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, TimedeltaArray>	df_timedelta_array.h:701
TimedeltaArray fillna(const numpy::timedelta64& value) const	TimedeltaArray	df_timedelta_array.h:473
bool has_na() const	bool	df_timedelta_array.h:526
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isna() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_timedelta_array.h:366
size_t len() const	size_t	df_timedelta_array.h:299
const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask() const	const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>&	df_timedelta_array.h:324	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int64> microseconds() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int64>	df_timedelta_array.h:873	View
size_t nbytes() const	size_t	df_timedelta_array.h:271	View
constexpr int ndim() const	constexpr int	df_timedelta_array.h:278	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> notna() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_timedelta_array.h:373
static int64_t parse_freq_to_seconds(const std::string& freq)	static int64_t	df_timedelta_array.h:1415
std::string repr() const	std::string	df_timedelta_array.h:1374
IntegerArray<numpy::int64> seconds() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int64>	df_timedelta_array.h:849	View
std::vector<size_t> shape() const	std::vector<size_t>	df_timedelta_array.h:285	View
size_t size() const	size_t	df_timedelta_array.h:264	View
numpy::timedelta64 td(duration_strings[i])	numpy::timedelta64	df_timedelta_array.h:238	View
FloatingArray<numpy::float64> total_seconds() const	FloatingArray<numpy::float64>	df_timedelta_array.h:934	View
numpy::DateTimeUnit unit() const	numpy::DateTimeUnit	df_timedelta_array.h:306
void validate_arrays()	void	df_timedelta_array.h:1387

Code Examples

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

empty (np_test_1_all.cpp:6316)

}

void test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_data_generator_empty =======================";

    DataGenerator<int> gen(42);

    // Test empty data generation
    std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(0, DataPattern::RANDOM);

    if (!(data.empty())) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.empty())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Empty data generation test passed" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

at (np_test_1_all.cpp:144)

    array.setElementAt({0, 0}, 1);
    array.setElementAt({0, 1}, 2);
    array.setElementAt({0, 2}, 3);
    array.setElementAt({1, 1}, 5);
    array.setElementAt({2, 2}, 9);

    // std::cout << "Array after setting elements:" << std::endl;
    //array.printArray();

    // std::cout << "Element at (1,1): " << array.getElementAt({1, 1}) << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Element at (2,2): " << array.getElementAt({2, 2});

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testArithmetic() {
    std::cout << "========= testArithmeticOperations =======================";

    auto array1 = createFloat32Array({2, 2}, 5.0f);
    auto array2 = createFloat32Array({2, 2}, 3.0f);

take (np_test_5_all.cpp:4313)

      for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        arr.setElementAt({ i }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 10));  // [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
      }

      // Take specific indices
      numpy::NDArray<size_t> indices({ 3 });
      indices.setElementAt({ 0 }, 5);  // 50
      indices.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);  // 20
      indices.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0);  // 0

      auto result = numpy::take(arr, indices);

      if (result.getSize() != 3) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong result size";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      if (result.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 50 || result.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 20 || result.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 0) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong values extracted";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

max (np_test_1_all.cpp:7274)

    if (sizeof(uintp) == sizeof(void*)) {
        // std::cout << "                -> uintp size matches pointer size";
    } else {
        // std::cout << "  ✗ uintp size doesn't match pointer size" << std::endl;
    }

    // Test range limits
    // std::cout << "Range Information:" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp min: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::min() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp max: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  uintp max: " << std::numeric_limits<uintp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  longdouble digits: " << std::numeric_limits<longdouble>::digits << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes =======================";

    clongdouble c1(3.0L, 4.0L);  // 3 + 4i

min (np_test_1_all.cpp:2350)

        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<int>(i)));
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<double>(i) * 0.5));
        } else {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(std::string("str") + std::to_string(i)));
        }
    }

    // Verify pattern
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(large_size, size_t(100)); ++i) {  // Check first 100
        object_ obj = large_array.getElementAt({i});
        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<int>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<int>())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<double>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("unknown_function():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<double>())";

nanoseconds (np_test_5_all.cpp:21255)

            errors++;
        }
    }

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_constructors -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

// =============================================================================
// Test 2: Static Factory Methods
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_static_factories() {
    int errors = 0;

    // NaT()
    {
        numpy::Timedelta nat = numpy::Timedelta::NaT();
        if (!nat.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_static_factories: NaT().isNaT() should be true"

argsort (np_test_1_all.cpp:16841)

    std::cout << "========= test_argsort =======================";

    // Test 1D array argsort
    NDArray<int> arr1d({ 5 });
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 0 }, 30);  // index 0
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 1 }, 10);  // index 1
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 2 }, 40);  // index 2
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 3 }, 20);  // index 3
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 4 }, 50);  // index 4

    auto indices = argsort(arr1d);

    // Expected order: 10(idx1), 20(idx3), 30(idx0), 40(idx2), 50(idx4)
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

abs (np_test_1_all.cpp:101)

        if (arr.getShape().size() == 1 && arr.getShape()[0] <= 10) {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < arr.getShape()[0]; ++i) {
                // std::cout << static_cast<int64_t>(arr.getElementAt({i})) << " ";
            }
        }
        // std::cout << std::endl;
    }

    // Helper function for core array extensions tests
    bool isApproxEqualExt(double a, double b, double tolerance = 1e-10) {
        return std::abs(a - b) < tolerance;
    }
}

void f_nothing() {
    // This function does nothing and tests nothing
    // It's a placeholder test function
}

// ------ merging np_test_advanced_indexing.cpp -- number of functions merged=16 --------------------------------

ceil (np_test_2_all.cpp:5735)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(approx_equal(floor_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::floor(2.7)))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testRoundingFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(floor_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::floor(2.7)))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] floor function works correctly\n";

      // Test ceil
      auto ceil_result = ceil(values);
      if (!(approx_equal(ceil_result.getElementAt({ 0 }), std::ceil(-2.7)))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testRoundingFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(ceil_result.getElementAt({ 0 }), std::ceil(-2.7)))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(approx_equal(ceil_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::ceil(2.7)))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testRoundingFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(ceil_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::ceil(2.7)))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

floor (np_test_2_all.cpp:5721)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(approx_equal(round_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::round(2.7)))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testRoundingFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(round_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::round(2.7)))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] round function works correctly\n";

      // Test floor
      auto floor_result = floor(values);
      if (!(approx_equal(floor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }), std::floor(-2.7)))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testRoundingFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(floor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }), std::floor(-2.7)))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(approx_equal(floor_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::floor(2.7)))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testRoundingFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(floor_result.getElementAt({ 5 }), std::floor(2.7)))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

round (np_test_1_all.cpp:23769)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] Power functions have correct signatures\n";

      // Test rounding functions with new decimals parameter
      auto round_result = round(array);        // Default decimals=0
      auto round_decimals_result = round(array, 2);  // With decimals
      if (!(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);

unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:6259)

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Few unique data generation test passed. Unique values: " << unique_count << std::endl;

to_numpy (np_test_5_all.cpp:21373)

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_components -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

// =============================================================================
// Test 4: Total Conversion Properties
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_total_conversions() {
    int errors = 0;

    numpy::Timedelta td(1, 12, 0);  // 1 day 12 hours = 1.5 days = 36 hours

    // total_seconds
    {
        double secs = td.total_seconds();
        double expected = (24 + 12) * 3600.0;
        if (std::abs(secs - expected) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_total_conversions: total_seconds expected "
                      << expected << ", got " << secs << std::endl;

to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Verify all changes are reflected
    if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)

    //original.printArray();

    // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";

    // Test slice copy (should be independent)
    auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
    // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
    //slice_copy.printArray();

    slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);

    // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();
    // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

is_zero (np_test_2_all.cpp:7329)

      // Test machine epsilon
      auto eps_double = machine_epsilon<double>();
      if (!(eps_double > 0)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_basic_utilities():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(eps_double > 0)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "Machine epsilon (double): " << eps_double << std::endl;

      // Test zero check
      bool is_zero_result = is_zero(1e-16);
      if (!(is_zero_result == true)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_basic_utilities():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(is_zero_result == true)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "Is 1e-16 zero? " << (is_zero_result ? "Yes" : "No") << std::endl;

      // Test safe divide
      double safe_result = safe_divide(1.0, 2.0);
      if (!(safe_result == 0.5)) {

argmax (np_test_3_all.cpp:20521)

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmax_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmax() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0 - largest
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmax(arr);
    // Should return 0 (index of (3,1))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmax() failed: expected index 0");
    }

argmin (np_test_3_all.cpp:20506)

    if (min_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || min_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 1.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("min() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,1)");
    }
    if (max_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || max_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 5.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("max() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,5)");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmin_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmin() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1 - smallest
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }

count (np_test_1_all.cpp:3616)

    // Create larger arrays for performance testing
    auto large_arr = NDArray<double>::createOnes({100, 100});
    auto broadcast_arr = NDArray<double>::createOnes({1, 100});

    // Time the operation (basic timing)
    auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    auto result = large_arr.addArrays(broadcast_arr);
    auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start);
    // std::cout << "Large array broadcasting took " << duration.count() << " microseconds" << std::endl;

    // Verify result shape
    if (!((result.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{100, 100}))) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_broadcasting_performance():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !((result.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{100, 100}))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(result.getElementAt({50, 50}) == 2.0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_broadcasting_performance():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({50, 50}) == 2.0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

data (np_test_1_all.cpp:2084)

    }
    if (!(derived_ptr->extra == 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectHolderEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(derived_ptr->extra == 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Test 6: Large object handling
    struct LargeObject {
        std::vector<double> data;
        LargeObject() : data(10000, 3.14159) {}  // Large object
    };

    LargeObject large;
    object_ large_obj(large);  // Should handle large objects
    if (!(!large_obj.is_null())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectHolderEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(!large_obj.is_null())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(large_obj.is_type<LargeObject>())) {

days (np_test_1_all.cpp:28638)

    }

    void np_test_datetime_business_date_range() {
      std::cout << "========= businessDateRange: business days only =======================";

      // Get business days in first week of January 2024
      auto start_dt = numpy::datetime64("2024-01-01");
      auto end_dt = numpy::datetime64("2024-01-07");
      auto biz_dates = numpy::datetime_utils::businessDateRange(start_dt, end_dt);

      // Should have between 3-5 business days (accounting for holidays)
      bool passed = (biz_dates.size() >= 3 && biz_dates.size() <= 5);

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_datetime_business_date_range() : Got " << biz_dates.size() << " business days";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_datetime_business_date_range failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

dtype (np_test_3_all.cpp:7942)

  if (info.max != expected_max) {
    std::cerr << "[FAIL] IInfo<uint64_t>::max mismatch";
    throw std::runtime_error("IInfo uint64 max test failed");
  }
  // std::cout << "[OK] IInfo<uint64_t>::max = " << info.max << std::endl;

  std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

// ============================================================================
// dtype() Tests - DType descriptor creation
// ============================================================================

void np_test_dtype_from_string_integers() {
  std::cout << "========= np_test_dtype_from_string_integers =======================";

  // Test integer type strings
  if (dtype("int8") != DType::INT8) {
    std::cerr << "[FAIL] dtype(\"int8\") should return INT8";
    throw std::runtime_error("dtype string test failed");
  }

mask (np_test_1_all.cpp:27691)

    void test_mask_rows_cols() {
      std::cout << "========= ma::mask_rows() and ma::mask_cols(): mask operations ===";

      auto data = numpy::array({ {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}, {4.0, 5.0, 6.0} });
      auto mask = numpy::array({ {false, true, false}, {false, false, false} });
      auto ma = numpy::ma::masked_array(data, mask);

      auto result_rows = numpy::ma::mask_rows(ma);
      auto result_cols = numpy::ma::mask_cols(ma);

      // std::cout << "  ma::mask_rows(): row 0 fully masked: " << (result_rows.mask().getElementAt({ 0, 0 }) ? "true" : "false") << std::endl;
      // std::cout << "  ma::mask_cols(): column 1 fully masked: " << (result_cols.mask().getElementAt({ 1, 1 }) ? "true" : "false");
      std::cout << " -> tests passed";
    }

    void test_compress_rowcols() {
      std::cout << "========= ma::compress_rowcols(): remove masked rows/columns ===";

      auto data = numpy::array({ {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}, {4.0, 5.0, 6.0}, {7.0, 8.0, 9.0} });
      auto mask = numpy::array({ {false, false, false}, {false, true, false}, {false, false, false} });
      auto ma = numpy::ma::masked_array(data, mask);

microseconds (np_test_2_all.cpp:4731)

          }

          // Write thread-specific pattern
          for (size_t j = 0; j < size; ++j) {
            ptr[j] = thread_id * 1000 + static_cast<int>(j);
          }

          allocations.push_back({ ptr, size });

          // Small delay to increase chance of concurrent access
          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(1));
        }

        // Verify data integrity
        for (auto& alloc : allocations) {
          for (size_t j = 0; j < alloc.second; ++j) {
            if (!(alloc.first[j] == thread_id * 1000 + static_cast<int>(j))) {
                std::string description = std::string("test_concurrent_allocations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(alloc.first[j] == thread_id * 1000 + static_cast<int>(j))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }

nbytes (np_test_2_all.cpp:3547)

      }

      // Test itemsize
      if (!(itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

      // Test nbytes
      if (!(nbytes(arr) == 24 * sizeof(double))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(nbytes(arr) == 24 * sizeof(double))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

      // Test flags
      auto flags_info = flags(arr);
      if (!(flags_info.owndata == true)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(flags_info.owndata == true)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

ndim (np_test_2_all.cpp:3526)

    void testArrayInfo() {
      std::cout << "Testing array information functions...\n";

      // Test basic info functions
      auto arr = createFloat64Array({ 2, 3, 4 });
      for (size_t i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); ++i) {
        arr.setElementAt({ i / 12, (i / 4) % 3, i % 4 }, static_cast<double>(i));
      }

      // Test ndim
      if (!(ndim(arr) == 3)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(ndim(arr) == 3)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

      // Test size
      if (!(size(arr) == 24)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(size(arr) == 24)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);

seconds (np_test_5_all.cpp:21240)

    // From value and unit - static factory for fractional values
    {
        numpy::Timedelta td_frac = numpy::Timedelta::from_value(1.5, "h");  // 1.5 hours = 90 minutes
        std::cout << "  Timedelta::from_value(1.5, 'h') = " << td_frac.total_minutes() << " minutes" << std::endl;
        if (std::abs(td_frac.total_minutes() - 90.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_constructors: from_value(1.5, 'h') expected 90 minutes, got "
                      << td_frac.total_minutes() << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td_frac2 = numpy::Timedelta::from_value(0.5, "D");  // 0.5 days = 12 hours
        std::cout << "  Timedelta::from_value(0.5, 'D') = " << td_frac2.total_hours() << " hours" << std::endl;
        if (std::abs(td_frac2.total_hours() - 12.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_constructors: from_value(0.5, 'D') expected 12 hours, got "
                      << td_frac2.total_hours() << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_constructors -> tests passed" << std::endl;

shape (np_test_1_all.cpp:3751)

    }

    for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        arr3.setElementAt({0, j}, static_cast<double>((j + 1) * 100));  // [100, 200, 300]
    }

    // Broadcast all arrays together
    std::vector<NDArray<double>> arrays = {arr1, arr2, arr3};
    auto broadcasted = broadcast_arrays(arrays);

    // All should have shape (2, 3)
    for (const auto& arr : broadcasted) {
        if (!((arr.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{2, 3}))) {
            std::string description = std::string("test_broadcast_arrays():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !((arr.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{2, 3}))";
            std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
            throw std::runtime_error(description);
        }
    }

    // Check values
    if (!(broadcasted[0].getElementAt({0, 1}) == 2.0)) {

size (np_test_1_all.cpp:47)

using namespace numpy;
using namespace numpy::benchmark;
using namespace numpy::char_;

// Helper functions for array comparison tests
namespace {
    const double TOLERANCE = 1e-10;

    bool allTrue(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
        std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);
        do {
            if (!arr.getElementAt(indices)) {
                return false;
            }
        } while (incrementIndices(indices, arr.getShape()));
        return true;
    }

    bool allFalse(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
        std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);

td (np_test_2_all.cpp:21974)

          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Hour, "h"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Minute, "m"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Second, "s"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Millisecond, "ms"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Microsecond, "us"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Nanosecond, "ns"}
      };

      // Test all timedelta64 units
      for (const auto& test : tests) {
        numpy::timedelta64 td(1, test.unit);
        auto [unit_str, count] = numpy::datetime_utils::datetime_data(td);

        if (unit_str != test.expected_str || count != 1) {
          std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_datetime_data_timedelta() : timedelta64 unit test failed for "
            << test.expected_str << ": got ('" << unit_str << "', " << count << ")" << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error("np_test_datetime_data_timedelta failed: timedelta64 unit mismatch");
        }
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;

total_seconds (np_test_5_all.cpp:21288)

        }
    }

    // max()
    {
        numpy::Timedelta max_td = numpy::Timedelta::max();
        if (max_td.value() != INT64_MAX) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_static_factories: max() expected INT64_MAX"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // resolution()
    {
        numpy::Timedelta res = numpy::Timedelta::resolution();
        if (res.value() != 1) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_static_factories: resolution() expected 1 ns"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }