PeriodIndex

class numpy::PeriodIndex

numpy C++ class.

Example

#include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
using namespace numpy;

// Use PeriodIndex
PeriodIndex obj;
// ... operations ...

Constructors

Signature	Location	Example
explicit PeriodIndex(const PeriodArray& arr, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_period_index.h:87
explicit PeriodIndex(PeriodArray&& arr, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_period_index.h:97
PeriodIndex(const std::vector<int64_t>& ordinals, const std::string& freq, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_period_index.h:108
PeriodIndex(const std::vector<std::optional<int64_t>>& ordinals, const std::string& freq, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_period_index.h:128
PeriodIndex(const std::vector<std::string>& period_strings, const std::string& freq, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_period_index.h:152
PeriodIndex(const PeriodIndex& other)	df_period_index.h:164
PeriodIndex(PeriodIndex&& other) noexcept	df_period_index.h:171

Construction

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
static PeriodIndex from_fields(const std::vector<int>& year, const std::vector<int>& month =	static PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:267
static PeriodIndex from_ordinals(const std::vector<int64_t>& ordinals, const std::string& freq, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	static PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:217
static PeriodIndex from_ordinals(const std::vector<std::optional<int64_t>>& ordinals, const std::string& freq, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	static PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:231
static PeriodIndex from_year_month(const std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>& year_months, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	static PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:748

Indexing / Selection

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_indexer(const PeriodIndex& target) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:1402
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_indexer_for(const std::vector<numpy::int64>& values) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:1438
get_indexer_non_unique(const PeriodIndex& target) const		df_period_index.h:1468
PeriodIndex get_level_values(int level = 0) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1521
int64_t get_loc(numpy::int64 key) const	int64_t	df_period_index.h:1606
size_t get_slice_bound(numpy::int64 label, const std::string& side) const	size_t	df_period_index.h:1626
numpy::int64 item() const	numpy::int64	df_period_index.h:1907	View
PeriodIndex putmask(const BooleanArray& mask, numpy::int64 value) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2016	View
size_t searchsorted(numpy::int64 value, const std::string& side = "left") const	size_t	df_period_index.h:2141	View
PeriodIndex take(const std::vector<size_t>& indices) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:647	View
PeriodIndex where(const BooleanArray& cond, numpy::int64 other) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2510	View
PeriodIndex where(const BooleanArray& cond) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2535	View

Shape Manipulation

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
PeriodIndex T() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2405	View
std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>> ravel() const	std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>>	df_period_index.h:2044	View
PeriodIndex transpose() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2398	View

Statistics

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<numpy::int64> max() const	std::optional<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:710	View
std::optional<numpy::int64> min() const	std::optional<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:702	View

Sorting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> argsort(bool ascending = true, const std::string& na_position = "last") const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:890	View
PeriodIndex sort(bool ascending = true) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2250	View
PeriodIndex sort_values(bool ascending = true, const std::string& na_position = "last") const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2260
sortlevel(int level = 0, bool ascending = true) const		df_period_index.h:2279

Comparison

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool equals(const PeriodIndex& other) const	bool	df_period_index.h:1341

Logical

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool all(bool skipna = true) const	bool	df_period_index.h:795	View
bool any(bool skipna = true) const	bool	df_period_index.h:812	View

Set Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
BooleanArray isin(const std::vector<numpy::int64>& values) const	BooleanArray	df_period_index.h:1836	View
PeriodIndex unique() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:670	View

I/O

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
PeriodIndex to_flat_index() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2318
std::vector<numpy::int64> to_frame_values(bool index = true) const	std::vector<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:2332
std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>> to_list() const	std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>>	df_period_index.h:2350
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> to_numpy() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:2369	View
std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>> to_series_values() const	std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>>	df_period_index.h:2386
std::string to_string() const override	std::string	df_period_index.h:534	View
std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>> tolist() const	std::vector<std::optional<numpy::int64>>	df_period_index.h:2357	View

Joining / Splitting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
PeriodIndex append(const PeriodIndex& other) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:831	View
PeriodIndex append(const std::vector<PeriodIndex>& others) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:843	View
PeriodIndex delete\_(size_t loc) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1080	View
PeriodIndex delete\_(const std::vector<size_t>& locs) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1099	View
PeriodIndex insert(size_t loc, numpy::int64 item) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1693	View
PeriodIndex repeat(size_t repeats) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2093	View
PeriodIndex repeat(const std::vector<size_t>& repeats) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2111	View

Type Handling

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
AsTypeResult astype(const std::string& dtype, bool copy_data = true) const	AsTypeResult	df_period_index.h:1004	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> astype_int64() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:950
PeriodIndex copy(const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:516	View
PeriodIndex view() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2496	View

Type Checking

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool is\_(const PeriodIndex& other) const	bool	df_period_index.h:1763
bool is_boolean() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1775
bool is_categorical() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1783
bool is_floating() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1791
bool is_full() const	bool	df_period_index.h:427
bool is_integer() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1799
bool is_interval() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1807
bool is_numeric() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1815	View
bool is_object() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1823

Other Methods

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
size_t argmax(bool skipna = true) const	size_t	df_period_index.h:875	View
size_t argmin(bool skipna = true) const	size_t	df_period_index.h:865	View
PeriodArray arr(opt_ordinals, freq)	PeriodArray	df_period_index.h:118	View
PeriodArray arr(converted, freq)	PeriodArray	df_period_index.h:142	View
PeriodArray arr(period_strings, freq)	PeriodArray	df_period_index.h:157	View
PeriodIndex asfreq(const std::string& freq, const std::string& how = "end") const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:588
int64_t asof(numpy::int64 label) const	int64_t	df_period_index.h:910
std::vector<int64_t> asof_locs(const std::vector<numpy::int64>& labels) const	std::vector<int64_t>	df_period_index.h:933
\* For standard calendars (fiscal year ending in December), qyear equals year.	* For standard	df_period_index.h:342
std::unique_ptr<IndexBase> clone() const override	std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>	df_period_index.h:507	View
static PeriodIndex concat(const std::vector<PeriodIndex>& indexes)	static PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:767
IntegerArray<numpy::int64> diff(int64_t periods = 1) const	IntegerArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:1119	View
PeriodIndex diff_idx(PeriodArray(result, arr.freqstr()), this->name())	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1177
PeriodIndex difference(const PeriodIndex& other, bool sort = true) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1153	View
PeriodIndex drop(const std::vector<numpy::int64>& labels) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1193
PeriodIndex drop_duplicates(const std::string& keep = "first") const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1215
PeriodIndex droplevel(int level = 0) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1276
PeriodIndex dropna() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:679
PeriodDtype dtype() const	PeriodDtype	df_period_index.h:479	View
static std::string dtype_str(const std::string& freq)	static std::string	df_period_index.h:487
std::string dtype_str() const	std::string	df_period_index.h:495
BooleanArray duplicated(const std::string& keep = "first") const	BooleanArray	df_period_index.h:1290
DatetimeArray end_time() const	DatetimeArray	df_period_index.h:406
std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, PeriodIndex> factorize() const	std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, PeriodIndex>	df_period_index.h:1366
PeriodIndex fillna(numpy::int64 value) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:689
numpy::NDArray<double> float_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<double>	df_period_index.h:1046	View
std::vector<std::string> format(const std::string& formatter = "") const	std::vector<std::string>	df_period_index.h:1380	View
std::unordered_map<GroupT, std::vector<size_t>> groupby( const std::vector<GroupT>& values) const	std::unordered_map<GroupT, std::vector<size_t>>	df_period_index.h:1550
std::unordered_map<int64_t, std::vector<size_t>> groupby(KeyFunc key_func) const	std::unordered_map<int64_t, std::vector<size_t>>	df_period_index.h:1585
bool holds_integer() const	bool	df_period_index.h:1654
bool identical(const PeriodIndex& other) const	bool	df_period_index.h:1667
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> indexer_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:1499
PeriodIndex infer_objects() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1679
std::string inferred_type() const	std::string	df_period_index.h:471
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> int_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:1035	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> int_result(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:894
PeriodIndex inter_idx(PeriodArray(result, arr.freqstr()), this->name())	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1747
PeriodIndex intersection(const PeriodIndex& other, bool sort = false) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1723
BooleanArray isna() const	BooleanArray	df_period_index.h:1861
BooleanArray isnull() const	BooleanArray	df_period_index.h:1874
PeriodIndex join(const PeriodIndex& other, const std::string& how = "left") const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1927	View
PeriodIndex map(std::function<numpy::int64(numpy::int64)> func) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:1949
size_t memory_usage(bool deep = true) const	size_t	df_period_index.h:1973
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> missing_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_period_index.h:1504
BooleanArray notna() const	BooleanArray	df_period_index.h:1882
BooleanArray notnull() const	BooleanArray	df_period_index.h:1895
size_t nunique(bool dropna = true) const	size_t	df_period_index.h:1986
static PeriodIndex period_range(int64_t start, size_t periods, const std::string& freq, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	static PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:729
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> qyear() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_period_index.h:354
reindex(const PeriodIndex& target, const std::string& method = "") const		df_period_index.h:2065
PeriodIndex rename(const std::optional<std::string>& new_name) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:526
std::string repr() const	std::string	df_period_index.h:571
PeriodIndex result(this->array().copy(), name.has_value() ? name : this->name())	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:517	View
std::vector<std::optional<bool>> result(this->size(), false)	std::vector<std::optional<bool>>	df_period_index.h:1292	View
PeriodIndex set_names(const std::string& names) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2180
PeriodIndex set_names() const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2188
PeriodIndex shift(int64_t periods, const std::optional<std::string>& freq = std::nullopt) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:600	View
PeriodIndex slice(size_t start, size_t stop, size_t step = 1) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:631	View
std::vector<size_t> slice_indexer( const std::optional<numpy::int64>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<numpy::int64>& stop = std::nullopt, size_t step = 1) const	std::vector<size_t>	df_period_index.h:2227
std::pair<size_t, size_t> slice_locs( const std::optional<numpy::int64>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<numpy::int64>& stop = std::nullopt) const	std::pair<size_t, size_t>	df_period_index.h:2203
DatetimeArray start_time() const	DatetimeArray	df_period_index.h:389
PeriodIndex symmetric_difference(const PeriodIndex& other, bool sort = true) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2300
PeriodIndex union\_(const PeriodIndex& other, bool sort = true) const	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2419
PeriodIndex union_idx(PeriodArray(result, arr.freqstr()), this->name())	PeriodIndex	df_period_index.h:2446
value_counts(bool dropna = true) const		df_period_index.h:2463

Internal Methods

2 internal methods (prefixed with underscore)

Code Examples

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

item (np_test_4_all.cpp:20048)

/**
 * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
 * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
 *
 * Tests:
 * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
 * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
 * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
 * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
 * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
 * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
 * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
 *
 * Created: 2025-10-28
 * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
 */

#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"
#include "../numpy/np_masked_array.h"
#include <iostream>

putmask (np_test_5_all.cpp:4659)

      mask.setElementAt({ 1 }, false);
      mask.setElementAt({ 2 }, true);
      mask.setElementAt({ 3 }, false);
      mask.setElementAt({ 4 }, true);

      // Create value array
      numpy::NDArray<int32_t> values({ 1 });
      values.setElementAt({ 0 }, 99);

      // Apply putmask
      numpy::putmask(arr, mask, values);

      // Expected: [99, 2, 99, 4, 99]
      if (arr.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 2 ||
        arr.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 3 }) != 4 ||
        arr.getElementAt({ 4 }) != 99) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_putmask() : Incorrect result";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      // Test with multiple values

searchsorted (np_test_2_all.cpp:8204)

      // Test missing NumPy functions
      void test_numpy_functions() {
        std::cout << "========= NumPy Functions Test ==========================";

        // Test searchsorted
        {
          std::vector<int> sorted_arr = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
          std::vector<int> values = { 2, 6, 8 };

          auto result = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "left");
          std::vector<size_t> expected = { 1, 3, 4 };

          if (result != expected) {
            std::cout << "   searchsorted (left):                                                                   -> [FAIL]";
            throw std::runtime_error("searchsorted (left): FAILED - incorrect result indices");
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] searchsorted (left): PASSED" << std::endl;

          auto result_right = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "right");
          std::vector<size_t> expected_right = { 1, 3, 4 };

take (np_test_5_all.cpp:4313)

      for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        arr.setElementAt({ i }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 10));  // [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
      }

      // Take specific indices
      numpy::NDArray<size_t> indices({ 3 });
      indices.setElementAt({ 0 }, 5);  // 50
      indices.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);  // 20
      indices.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0);  // 0

      auto result = numpy::take(arr, indices);

      if (result.getSize() != 3) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong result size";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      if (result.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 50 || result.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 20 || result.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 0) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong values extracted";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

where (np_test_3_all.cpp:15253)

      auto y_data = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 0 }, 100);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 1 }, 200);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 2 }, 300);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 3 }, 400);

      auto y_mask = createBoolArray({ 4 }, false);
      MaskedArray<int32> y(y_data, y_mask, -999);

      // Test where() selection
      auto result = where(condition, x, y);

      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

where (np_test_3_all.cpp:15253)

      auto y_data = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 0 }, 100);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 1 }, 200);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 2 }, 300);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 3 }, 400);

      auto y_mask = createBoolArray({ 4 }, false);
      MaskedArray<int32> y(y_data, y_mask, -999);

      // Test where() selection
      auto result = where(condition, x, y);

      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

T (np_test_1_all.cpp:20062)

    std::mt19937 gen;

  public:
    MatrixGenerator(unsigned seed = 12345) : gen(seed) {}

    // Generate real matrix with known real eigenvalues
    NDArray<T> real_matrix_real_eigenvalues(size_t n) {
      // Create diagonal matrix with known eigenvalues
      NDArray<T> D = NDArray<T>::createZeros({ n, n });
      for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        D.setElementAt({ i, i }, T(i + 1)); // Eigenvalues 1, 2, 3, ...
      }

      // Create random orthogonal transformation
      auto Q = random_orthogonal_matrix(n);
      auto QT = Q.transposeArray();

      // A = Q * D * Q^T
      return matmul(matmul(Q, D), QT);
    }

ravel (np_test_1_all.cpp:4082)

    std::cout << "Testing ravel function...\n";

    // Test with 2-D array
    auto arr_2d = createFloat64Array({ 2, 3 });
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            arr_2d.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<double>(i * 3 + j));
        }
    }

    auto raveled = ravel(arr_2d);
    if (!(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        if (!(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))) {
            std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))";
            std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

transpose (np_test_2_all.cpp:4973)

    }

    /**
     * Test matrix properties and methods
     */
    void testMatrixProperties() {
      std::cout << "========= testMatrixProperties =======================";

      // Test transpose
      numpy::Matrix<double> m("1 2 3; 4 5 6");
      auto mt = m.transpose();
      assert_test(mt.rows() == 3, "Transpose rows");
      assert_test(mt.cols() == 2, "Transpose cols");
      assert_test(std::abs(mt(0, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");
      assert_test(std::abs(mt(2, 0) - 3.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");

      // Test trace for square matrix
      numpy::Matrix<double> square("1 2; 3 4");
      double tr = square.trace();
      assert_test(std::abs(tr - 5.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix trace");

max (np_test_1_all.cpp:7274)

    if (sizeof(uintp) == sizeof(void*)) {
        // std::cout << "                -> uintp size matches pointer size";
    } else {
        // std::cout << "  ✗ uintp size doesn't match pointer size" << std::endl;
    }

    // Test range limits
    // std::cout << "Range Information:" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp min: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::min() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp max: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  uintp max: " << std::numeric_limits<uintp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  longdouble digits: " << std::numeric_limits<longdouble>::digits << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes =======================";

    clongdouble c1(3.0L, 4.0L);  // 3 + 4i

min (np_test_1_all.cpp:2350)

        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<int>(i)));
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<double>(i) * 0.5));
        } else {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(std::string("str") + std::to_string(i)));
        }
    }

    // Verify pattern
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(large_size, size_t(100)); ++i) {  // Check first 100
        object_ obj = large_array.getElementAt({i});
        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<int>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<int>())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<double>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("unknown_function():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<double>())";

argsort (np_test_1_all.cpp:16841)

    std::cout << "========= test_argsort =======================";

    // Test 1D array argsort
    NDArray<int> arr1d({ 5 });
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 0 }, 30);  // index 0
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 1 }, 10);  // index 1
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 2 }, 40);  // index 2
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 3 }, 20);  // index 3
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 4 }, 50);  // index 4

    auto indices = argsort(arr1d);

    // Expected order: 10(idx1), 20(idx3), 30(idx0), 40(idx2), 50(idx4)
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

sort (np_test_1_all.cpp:6258)

    std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(100, DataPattern::FEW_UNIQUE);

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

all (np_test_4_all.cpp:23928)

                        }
                    }
                }

                auto result = numpy::einsum<numpy::float64>("ijk->ik", {A});

                if (result.getShape()[0] != 2 || result.getShape()[1] != 2) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum shape wrong");
                }

                // Sum over j: 1+2+3 = 6 for all (i,k) positions
                if (std::abs(result.getElementAt({0, 0}) - 6.0) > 1e-10 ||
                    std::abs(result.getElementAt({1, 1}) - 6.0) > 1e-10) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum values wrong");
                }

                // std::cout << "  OK: Partial sum: 'ijk->ik'\n";
            }

            // Test 5: Size-1 dimension handling
            {

any (np_test_2_all.cpp:16758)

    // ANY() TESTS - SCALAR RESULT
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() {
      std::cout << "========= any: all false elements =======================";

      // Create array with all false/zero elements
      std::vector<double> data = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
      numpy::NDArray<double> arr = numpy::createArrayFromVector<double>({ 3 }, data);

      bool result = numpy::any(arr);

      if (result != false) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() : expected false for all-zero array";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false failed: expected false");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_true() {

isin (np_test_1_all.cpp:19434)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(membership.getElementAt({ 5 }) == false)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testMembershipOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(membership.getElementAt({ 5 }) == false)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Membership testing (in1d) works correctly\n";

    // Test isin (alias for in1d)
    auto isin_result = isin(test_array, test_values);

    // Should be identical to in1d result
    for (size_t i = 0; i < membership.getSize(); ++i) {
      if (!(isin_result.getElementAt({ i }) == membership.getElementAt({ i }))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMembershipOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isin_result.getElementAt({ i }) == membership.getElementAt({ i }))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
    }

unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:6259)

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Few unique data generation test passed. Unique values: " << unique_count << std::endl;

to_numpy (np_test_5_all.cpp:21373)

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_components -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

// =============================================================================
// Test 4: Total Conversion Properties
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_total_conversions() {
    int errors = 0;

    numpy::Timedelta td(1, 12, 0);  // 1 day 12 hours = 1.5 days = 36 hours

    // total_seconds
    {
        double secs = td.total_seconds();
        double expected = (24 + 12) * 3600.0;
        if (std::abs(secs - expected) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_total_conversions: total_seconds expected "
                      << expected << ", got " << secs << std::endl;

to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Verify all changes are reflected
    if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

tolist (np_test_4_all.cpp:20046)

} // namespace numpy_tests

/**
 * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
 * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
 *
 * Tests:
 * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
 * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
 * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
 * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
 * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
 * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
 * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
 *
 * Created: 2025-10-28
 * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
 */

#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"

append (np_test_2_all.cpp:7028)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] Delete with duplicate indices works correctly\n";

      // Test append
      auto appended = append(array, 100);
      if (!(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

append (np_test_2_all.cpp:7028)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] Delete with duplicate indices works correctly\n";

      // Test append
      auto appended = append(array, 100);
      if (!(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

delete_ (np_test_4_all.cpp:18411)

    }

    // ============================================================================
    // SPRINT 1.2: ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_phase1_delete() {
      std::cout << "========= delete_: element deletion ====";

      auto arr = numpy::array({10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
      auto result = numpy::delete_(arr, 2);  // Delete index 2 (value 30)

      // Verify size reduced
      if (result.getSize() != 4) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : delete_ result size is " << result.getSize() << ", expected 4\n";
        throw std::runtime_error("delete_ failed: wrong size");
      }

      // Verify correct element was removed
      if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 10 || result.getElementAt({1}) != 20 ||
          result.getElementAt({2}) != 40 || result.getElementAt({3}) != 50) {

delete_ (np_test_4_all.cpp:18411)

    }

    // ============================================================================
    // SPRINT 1.2: ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_phase1_delete() {
      std::cout << "========= delete_: element deletion ====";

      auto arr = numpy::array({10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
      auto result = numpy::delete_(arr, 2);  // Delete index 2 (value 30)

      // Verify size reduced
      if (result.getSize() != 4) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : delete_ result size is " << result.getSize() << ", expected 4\n";
        throw std::runtime_error("delete_ failed: wrong size");
      }

      // Verify correct element was removed
      if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 10 || result.getElementAt({1}) != 20 ||
          result.getElementAt({2}) != 40 || result.getElementAt({3}) != 50) {

insert (np_test_1_all.cpp:6990)

}

void testBusinessDateRangeDateTime() {
    std::cout << "========= testBusinessDateRangeDateTime =======================";

    datetime64 start("2024-03-11");  // Monday
    datetime64 end("2024-03-22");    // Friday (2 weeks later)

    // Create holidays set
    std::set<datetime64> holidays;
    holidays.insert(datetime64("2024-03-15"));  // Friday holiday

    auto business_dates = createBusinessDateRange(start, end, holidays);
    // std::cout << "Business dates from " << start.toString()
              // << " to " << end.toString() << " (excluding 2024-03-15):" << std::endl;
    //business_dates.printArray();

        std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testMonthRangeDateTime() {

repeat (np_test_1_all.cpp:18268)

    // Create test array
    auto array = createInt32Array({ 2, 3 }, 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        array.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j + 1));
      }
    }

    // Test repeat without axis (flattened)
    auto repeated_flat = repeat(array, 2);
    if (!(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

repeat (np_test_1_all.cpp:18268)

    // Create test array
    auto array = createInt32Array({ 2, 3 }, 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        array.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j + 1));
      }
    }

    // Test repeat without axis (flattened)
    auto repeated_flat = repeat(array, 2);
    if (!(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

astype (np_test_3_all.cpp:796)

        auto ufunc_square = numpy::frompyfunc(square, 1, 1);

        numpy::NDArray<double> arr({ 3 });
        arr.setElementAt({ 0 }, 2.0);
        arr.setElementAt({ 1 }, 3.0);
        arr.setElementAt({ 2 }, 4.0);

        auto result = ufunc_square(arr);

        // Convert back to double to check values
        auto typed_result = numpy::astype<double>(result);
        if (std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) - 4.0) > 1e-10 ||
          std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 1 }) - 9.0) > 1e-10 ||
          std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 2 }) - 16.0) > 1e-10) {
          std::cout << "[FAIL] Basic frompyfunc creation failed";
          return 1;
        }

        // std::cout << "[OK] Basic frompyfunc creation works correctly" << std::endl;
        std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
        return 0;

copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)

    //original.printArray();

    // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";

    // Test slice copy (should be independent)
    auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
    // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
    //slice_copy.printArray();

    slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);

    // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();
    // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

view (np_test_1_all.cpp:440)

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            original.setElementAt({i, j}, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j));
        }
    }

    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Create multiple views
    auto view1 = original.view();
    auto view2 = original.transposeView();
    auto view3 = original.sliceView({{1, 3}, {1, 3}});

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

is_numeric (np_test_1_all.cpp:7511)

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testNumericConversionStringTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testNumericStringOperationsStringTypes =======================";

    str32 num_str1("123.45");
    str32 num_str2("67.89");
    str32 not_num("hello");

    // std::cout << "String '" << num_str1 << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(num_str1) << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "String '" << not_num << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(not_num) << std::endl;

    if (is_numeric(num_str1)) {
        double val1 = to_numeric(num_str1);
        // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str1 << "': " << val1 << std::endl;
    }

    if (is_numeric(num_str2)) {
        double val2 = to_numeric(num_str2);
        // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str2 << "': " << val2 << std::endl;

argmax (np_test_3_all.cpp:20521)

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmax_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmax() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0 - largest
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmax(arr);
    // Should return 0 (index of (3,1))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmax() failed: expected index 0");
    }

argmin (np_test_3_all.cpp:20506)

    if (min_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || min_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 1.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("min() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,1)");
    }
    if (max_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || max_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 5.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("max() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,5)");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmin_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmin() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1 - smallest
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }

arr (np_test_1_all.cpp:1388)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(*str_obj.get_as<std::string>() == "hello")) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(*str_obj.get_as<std::string>() == \"hello\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Test NDArray construction
    NDArray<double> arr({2, 2}, 3.14);
    object_ arr_obj(arr);
    if (!(!arr_obj.is_null())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(!arr_obj.is_null())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(arr_obj.is_array())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(arr_obj.is_array())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

arr (np_test_1_all.cpp:1388)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(*str_obj.get_as<std::string>() == "hello")) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(*str_obj.get_as<std::string>() == \"hello\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Test NDArray construction
    NDArray<double> arr({2, 2}, 3.14);
    object_ arr_obj(arr);
    if (!(!arr_obj.is_null())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(!arr_obj.is_null())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(arr_obj.is_array())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(arr_obj.is_array())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

arr (np_test_1_all.cpp:1388)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(*str_obj.get_as<std::string>() == "hello")) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(*str_obj.get_as<std::string>() == \"hello\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Test NDArray construction
    NDArray<double> arr({2, 2}, 3.14);
    object_ arr_obj(arr);
    if (!(!arr_obj.is_null())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(!arr_obj.is_null())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(arr_obj.is_array())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectConstruction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(arr_obj.is_array())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

clone (np_test_1_all.cpp:24942)

      }

      // Test reproducibility
      numpy::random::PCG64DXSM rng2(11111);
      if (rng2.next_uint64() != val) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : not reproducible";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
      }

      // Test clone
      auto cloned = rng.clone();
      if (cloned->name() != "PCG64DXSM") {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : clone name incorrect";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // PHILOX TESTS

diff (np_test_2_all.cpp:4947)

      // Test matrix addition and subtraction
      numpy::Matrix<double> a("1 2; 3 4");
      numpy::Matrix<double> b("5 6; 7 8");

      auto sum = a + b;
      assert_test(std::abs(sum(0, 0) - 6.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");
      assert_test(std::abs(sum(1, 1) - 12.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");

      auto diff = b - a;
      assert_test(std::abs(diff(0, 0) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");
      assert_test(std::abs(diff(1, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");

      // Test matrix multiplication (not element-wise!)
      auto product = a * b;
      assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 0) - 19.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,0");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 1) - 22.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,1");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 0) - 43.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,0");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 1) - 50.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,1");

      // Test scalar multiplication

difference (np_test_1_all.cpp:19333)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(difference.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 5)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(difference.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 5)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Set difference works correctly\n";

    // Test symmetric difference (XOR)
    auto xor_result = setxor1d(arr1, arr2);

    if (!(xor_result.getSize() == 4)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(xor_result.getSize() == 4)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(xor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(xor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

dtype (np_test_3_all.cpp:7942)

  if (info.max != expected_max) {
    std::cerr << "[FAIL] IInfo<uint64_t>::max mismatch";
    throw std::runtime_error("IInfo uint64 max test failed");
  }
  // std::cout << "[OK] IInfo<uint64_t>::max = " << info.max << std::endl;

  std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

// ============================================================================
// dtype() Tests - DType descriptor creation
// ============================================================================

void np_test_dtype_from_string_integers() {
  std::cout << "========= np_test_dtype_from_string_integers =======================";

  // Test integer type strings
  if (dtype("int8") != DType::INT8) {
    std::cerr << "[FAIL] dtype(\"int8\") should return INT8";
    throw std::runtime_error("dtype string test failed");
  }

float_arr (np_test_4_all.cpp:23233)

            numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_> mask1 = numpy::ma::make_mask(int_arr);

            if (mask1.item(0) != numpy::bool_(false) || mask1.item(1) != numpy::bool_(true) ||
                mask1.item(2) != numpy::bool_(true) || mask1.item(3) != numpy::bool_(false) ||
                mask1.item(4) != numpy::bool_(true)) {
                throw std::runtime_error("make_mask(int array) failed - incorrect boolean conversion");
            }
            // std::cout << "  OK: Integer array conversion (non-zero = True)\n";

            // Test 2: Float array
            numpy::NDArray<numpy::float64> float_arr({4});
            float_arr.setElementAt({0}, 1.0);
            float_arr.setElementAt({1}, 0.0);
            float_arr.setElementAt({2}, 2.5);
            float_arr.setElementAt({3}, 0.0);

            numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_> mask2 = numpy::ma::make_mask(float_arr);

            if (mask2.item(0) != numpy::bool_(true) || mask2.item(1) != numpy::bool_(false) ||
                mask2.item(2) != numpy::bool_(true) || mask2.item(3) != numpy::bool_(false)) {
                throw std::runtime_error("make_mask(float array) failed");

format (main.cpp:22)

int main() {
  // Automatically log all output to temp/test_output.log
  numpy::TestLogger logger("temp/test_output.log");

  int res = 0;
  int res1 = 0;
  std::string resS = "";

  // call all the tests
  res1 = numpy_tests::np_test_main();
  resS += std::format("             np_test_main: {}  errors\n", res1);
  res += res1;

  std::cout << "\n------------------------- main --------------------------------------------\n";
  std::cout << std::endl << "All tests completed. Nb errors = " << res << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Details: \n" << resS;
  std::cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n";
  return res;
}

int_arr (np_test_3_all.cpp:1209)

    }

    // Test 12: Type conversion utilities
    int np_test_frompyfunc_type_conversion() {
      std::cout << "========= np_test_frompyfunc_type_conversion =======================";

      try {
        auto int_func = [](int x) { return x * 2; };
        auto ufunc_int = numpy::frompyfunc(int_func, 1, 1);

        numpy::NDArray<int> int_arr({ 3 });
        int_arr.setElementAt({ 0 }, 1);
        int_arr.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);
        int_arr.setElementAt({ 2 }, 3);

        auto obj_result = ufunc_int(int_arr);
        auto typed_back = numpy::astype<int>(obj_result);

        if (typed_back.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 2 ||
          typed_back.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 4 ||
          typed_back.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 6) {

join (np_test_5_all.cpp:1341)

    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_string_join() {
      std::cout << "========= join operation =======================";

      // Join takes a separator string and vector of CharArrays
      std::vector<numpy::CharArray<32>> arrays;
      arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "a", "b", "c" }));
      arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "x", "y", "z" }));

      auto result = numpy::char_::join("-", arrays);

      bool passed = true;

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_string_join() : join operation failed";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_string_join failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

result (np_test_1_all.cpp:6090)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "Timer restart test passed. Second: " << second_elapsed << " ms" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_benchmark_result_storage =======================";

    BenchmarkResult result("TestAlgorithm", 1000, 15.5, true, 4096);

    if (!(result.algorithm_name == "TestAlgorithm")) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.algorithm_name == \"TestAlgorithm\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(result.array_size == 1000)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.array_size == 1000)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

result (np_test_1_all.cpp:6090)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "Timer restart test passed. Second: " << second_elapsed << " ms" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_benchmark_result_storage =======================";

    BenchmarkResult result("TestAlgorithm", 1000, 15.5, true, 4096);

    if (!(result.algorithm_name == "TestAlgorithm")) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.algorithm_name == \"TestAlgorithm\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(result.array_size == 1000)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.array_size == 1000)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

shift (np_test_1_all.cpp:2761)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "[OK] Left shift by array\n";

    // Test excessive shift (should result in 0)
    auto excessive_left = left_shift(arr, 20); // More than 16 bits
    if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

slice (np_test_1_all.cpp:13009)

    // Test substr valid start but excessive length
    auto result3 = str1.substr(2, 10);  // start=2, len=10 on string of length 5
    if (!(result3.to_string() == "llo")) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_variable_string_out_of_bounds():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result3.to_string() == \"llo\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] vstring_ substr(2, 10) on 'hello' returns 'llo'\n";

    // Test slice method with out-of-bounds
    auto result4 = str1.slice(10, 15);  // slice[10:15] on string of length 5
    if (!(result4.to_string() == "")) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_variable_string_out_of_bounds():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result4.to_string() == \"\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] vstring_ slice(10, 15) on 'hello' returns empty string\n";

    // Test slice with negative indices
    auto result5 = str1.slice(-2, -1);  // slice[-2:-1] should be "l"
    if (!(result5.to_string() == "l")) {