MultiIndex

class numpy::MultiIndex

numpy C++ class.

Example

#include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
using namespace numpy;

// Use MultiIndex
MultiIndex obj;
// ... operations ...

Constructors

Signature	Location	Example
MultiIndex(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>>&& levels, std::vector<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>&& codes, std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> names =	df_multiindex.h:80
MultiIndex(const MultiIndex& other)	df_multiindex.h:117
MultiIndex(MultiIndex&& other) noexcept = default	df_multiindex.h:139

Construction

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
static MultiIndex from_arrays(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& arrays, const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& names =	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:173
static MultiIndex from_frame(const std::vector<std::vector<ColType>>& columns, const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& names =	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1542
static MultiIndex from_mixed_arrays( const std::vector<std::vector<numpy::int64>>& int_arrays, const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& str_arrays, const std::string& level_types, const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& names =	static MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:223
static MultiIndex from_product(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& iterables, const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& names =	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:350
static MultiIndex from_tuples(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& tuples, const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& names =	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:317
static std::string make_tuple_key(const std::vector<std::string>& values)	static std::string	df_multiindex.h:2811
std::string make_tuple_key_at(size_t index) const	std::string	df_multiindex.h:2823

Array Creation

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool empty() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:430	View

Indexing / Selection

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_indexer(const MultiIndex& target) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:785
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_indexer_for(const MultiIndex& target) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:1552
get_indexer_non_unique(const MultiIndex& target) const		df_multiindex.h:1562
const IndexBase& get_level(size_t level) const	const IndexBase&	df_multiindex.h:571
std::unique_ptr<IndexBase> get_level_values(int level) const	std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>	df_multiindex.h:497
std::unique_ptr<IndexBase> get_level_values(const std::string& level_name) const	std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>	df_multiindex.h:526
std::vector<std::string> get_level_values_str(size_t level) const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:549
Index<T> get_level_values_typed(size_t level) const	Index<T>	df_multiindex.h:1592
std::variant<size_t, std::vector<size_t>> get_loc(const std::vector<std::string>& key) const	std::variant<size_t, std::vector<size_t>>	df_multiindex.h:748
std::pair<std::vector<size_t>, MultiIndex> get_loc_level( const std::string& key, size_t level = 0, bool drop_level = true) const	std::pair<std::vector<size_t>, MultiIndex>	df_multiindex.h:1621
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_locs(const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& seq) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:1651
std::optional<std::string> get_name(size_t level) const	std::optional<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:581
size_t get_slice_bound(const std::vector<std::string>& label, const std::string& side) const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:1679
std::vector<std::string> get_tuple_str(size_t index) const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:811
std::vector<std::string> item() const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:1941	View
MultiIndex putmask(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask, const std::vector<std::string>& value) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2165	View
size_t searchsorted(const std::vector<std::string>& value, const std::string& side = "left") const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:2275	View
std::pair<MultiIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>> take(const std::vector<size_t>& indices) const	std::pair<MultiIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>	df_multiindex.h:981	View
MultiIndex where(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& cond, const std::vector<std::string>& other) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2674	View

Shape Manipulation

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> ravel() const	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2198	View
MultiIndex transpose(bool copy_data = false) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2537	View

Statistics

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::vector<std::string> max() const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:2081	View
std::vector<std::string> min() const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:2125	View

Sorting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> argsort() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:944	View
MultiIndex sort(bool ascending = true) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2405	View
MultiIndex sort_values(bool ascending = true) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2414
std::pair<MultiIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>> sortlevel( size_t level = 0, bool ascending = true) const	std::pair<MultiIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>	df_multiindex.h:913

Math Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
MultiIndex round(int decimals = 0) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2264	View
MultiIndex truncate( const std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>& before = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>& after = std::nullopt) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2550	View

Linear Algebra

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
void invalidate_caches() const	void	df_multiindex.h:2836

Comparison

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool equal_levels(const MultiIndex& other) const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1412
bool equals(const MultiIndex& other) const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1436

Logical

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool all() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1057	View
bool any() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1066	View

Set Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isin(const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& values) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:1902	View
MultiIndex unique() const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2613	View

I/O

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> to_flat_index() const	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:841
std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>> to_frame(bool index = true) const	std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2480
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> to_list() const	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2496
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> to_numpy() const	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2504	View
to_series(bool index = true) const		df_multiindex.h:2514
std::string to_string() const	std::string	df_multiindex.h:855	View
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> tolist() const	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2528	View

Joining / Splitting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
MultiIndex append(const MultiIndex& other) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1015	View
MultiIndex delete\_(size_t loc) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1184	View
MultiIndex delete\_(const std::vector<size_t>& locs) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1205	View
MultiIndex insert(size_t loc, const std::vector<std::string>& item) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1755	View
MultiIndex repeat(size_t repeats) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2241	View

Type Handling

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
MultiIndex astype(const std::string& dtype) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1170	View
MultiIndex copy() const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1045	View
MultiIndex view() const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2664	View

Type Checking

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool is\_(const MultiIndex& other) const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1828
bool is_boolean() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1835
bool is_categorical() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1842
bool is_floating() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1849
bool is_integer() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1861
bool is_interval() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1874
bool is_monotonic_decreasing() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:2721
bool is_monotonic_increasing() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:2707
bool is_numeric() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1881	View
bool is_object() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1888
bool is_unique() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:458	View

Other Methods

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
size_t argmax() const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:1073	View
size_t argmin() const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:1090	View
std::vector<std::vector<T>> arrays(nlevels)	std::vector<std::vector<T>>	df_multiindex.h:327	View
std::vector<std::vector<T>> arrays(nlevels)	std::vector<std::vector<T>>	df_multiindex.h:369	View
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1024	View
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1763	View
std::optional<std::vector<std::string>> asof(const std::vector<std::string>& key) const	std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1109
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> asof_locs( const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& where, const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:1137
void build_hash_table() const	void	df_multiindex.h:2788
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> code_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:194
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> code_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:257
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> code_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:286
const std::vector<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>& codes() const	const std::vector<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>&	df_multiindex.h:444
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> codes(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:1472
int compare_tuples(size_t idx_a, size_t idx_b) const	int	df_multiindex.h:2750
bool contains(const std::vector<std::string>& key) const	bool	df_multiindex.h:770	View
std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> diff(int periods = 1) const	std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1224	View
MultiIndex difference(const MultiIndex& other) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1247	View
MultiIndex drop(const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& labels) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1278
MultiIndex drop_duplicates(const std::string& keep = "first") const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1307
MultiIndex droplevel(size_t level) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:609
MultiIndex dropna(const std::string& how = "any") const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1359
std::vector<std::string> dtypes() const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:2736	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> duplicated(const std::string& keep = "first") const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:1369
void ensure_hash_table() const	void	df_multiindex.h:2802
std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, MultiIndex> factorize(bool sort = false) const	std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, MultiIndex>	df_multiindex.h:1463
MultiIndex fillna(const std::vector<std::string>& value) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1492
std::vector<std::string> format(bool name = true, size_t max_seq_items = 100) const	std::vector<std::string>	df_multiindex.h:1503	View
groupby(const std::vector<std::string>& values) const		df_multiindex.h:1705
bool has_duplicates() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:476
bool holds_integer() const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1723
bool identical(const MultiIndex& other) const	bool	df_multiindex.h:1737
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> idx_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:1000
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> indexer(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:1563
MultiIndex infer_objects() const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1745
MultiIndex intersection(const MultiIndex& other) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:1794
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isna() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:1922
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isnull() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:1933
join(const MultiIndex& other, const std::string& how = "left") const		df_multiindex.h:1955	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> left_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:2044
const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>>& levels() const	const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>>&	df_multiindex.h:437	View
std::vector<size_t> levshape() const	std::vector<size_t>	df_multiindex.h:408
MultiIndex map(Func mapper) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2064
size_t memory_usage(bool deep = false) const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:2093
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> missing(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:1564
const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& names() const	const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>&	df_multiindex.h:451	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> new_code_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:728
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> new_code_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:986
size_t nlevels() const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:401
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> notna() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:2136
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> notnull() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_multiindex.h:2147
size_t nunique() const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:2154
std::vector<std::pair<std::string, size_t>> pairs(counts.begin(), counts.end())	std::vector<std::pair<std::string, size_t>>	df_multiindex.h:2639	View
reindex(const MultiIndex& target, const std::string& method = "") const		df_multiindex.h:2209
MultiIndex remove_unused_levels() const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:701
MultiIndex rename(const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& new_names, std::optional<size_t> level = std::nullopt) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2221
MultiIndex reorder_levels(const std::vector<size_t>& order) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:667
std::string repr() const	std::string	df_multiindex.h:892
MultiIndex result(\*this)	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:596	View
std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> result(size())	std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1225	View
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1248
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1284
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1795
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:1956
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2065
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2174
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2242
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2438
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2574
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> result_arrays(nlevels())	std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>	df_multiindex.h:2683
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> right_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_multiindex.h:2045
MultiIndex set_codes(const std::vector<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>& new_codes, std::optional<size_t> level = std::nullopt, bool verify_integrity = true) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2287
MultiIndex set_levels(const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>>& new_levels, std::optional<size_t> level = std::nullopt, bool verify_integrity = true) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2323
MultiIndex set_names(const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& new_names) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:595
MultiIndex shift(int periods = 1) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2359	View
size_t size() const	size_t	df_multiindex.h:420	View
std::pair<size_t, size_t> slice_indexer( const std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>& end = std::nullopt) const	std::pair<size_t, size_t>	df_multiindex.h:2370
std::pair<size_t, size_t> slice_locs( const std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::vector<std::string>>& end = std::nullopt) const	std::pair<size_t, size_t>	df_multiindex.h:2393
MultiIndex swaplevel(size_t i, size_t j) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:637
MultiIndex symmetric_difference(const MultiIndex& other) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2437
MultiIndex temp(other)	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:146
MultiIndex union\_(const MultiIndex& other) const	MultiIndex	df_multiindex.h:2573
value_counts(bool sort = true, bool ascending = false, bool dropna = true) const		df_multiindex.h:2625
\* Creates a new Index containing the expanded level values (one per row).	* Creates a new Index containing the expanded level	df_multiindex.h:487	View
void verify_integrity_impl() const	void	df_multiindex.h:2771

Code Examples

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

empty (np_test_1_all.cpp:6316)

}

void test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_data_generator_empty =======================";

    DataGenerator<int> gen(42);

    // Test empty data generation
    std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(0, DataPattern::RANDOM);

    if (!(data.empty())) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.empty())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Empty data generation test passed" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

item (np_test_4_all.cpp:20048)

/**
 * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
 * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
 *
 * Tests:
 * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
 * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
 * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
 * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
 * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
 * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
 * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
 *
 * Created: 2025-10-28
 * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
 */

#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"
#include "../numpy/np_masked_array.h"
#include <iostream>

putmask (np_test_5_all.cpp:4659)

      mask.setElementAt({ 1 }, false);
      mask.setElementAt({ 2 }, true);
      mask.setElementAt({ 3 }, false);
      mask.setElementAt({ 4 }, true);

      // Create value array
      numpy::NDArray<int32_t> values({ 1 });
      values.setElementAt({ 0 }, 99);

      // Apply putmask
      numpy::putmask(arr, mask, values);

      // Expected: [99, 2, 99, 4, 99]
      if (arr.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 2 ||
        arr.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 3 }) != 4 ||
        arr.getElementAt({ 4 }) != 99) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_putmask() : Incorrect result";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      // Test with multiple values

searchsorted (np_test_2_all.cpp:8204)

      // Test missing NumPy functions
      void test_numpy_functions() {
        std::cout << "========= NumPy Functions Test ==========================";

        // Test searchsorted
        {
          std::vector<int> sorted_arr = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
          std::vector<int> values = { 2, 6, 8 };

          auto result = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "left");
          std::vector<size_t> expected = { 1, 3, 4 };

          if (result != expected) {
            std::cout << "   searchsorted (left):                                                                   -> [FAIL]";
            throw std::runtime_error("searchsorted (left): FAILED - incorrect result indices");
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] searchsorted (left): PASSED" << std::endl;

          auto result_right = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "right");
          std::vector<size_t> expected_right = { 1, 3, 4 };

take (np_test_5_all.cpp:4313)

      for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        arr.setElementAt({ i }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 10));  // [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
      }

      // Take specific indices
      numpy::NDArray<size_t> indices({ 3 });
      indices.setElementAt({ 0 }, 5);  // 50
      indices.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);  // 20
      indices.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0);  // 0

      auto result = numpy::take(arr, indices);

      if (result.getSize() != 3) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong result size";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      if (result.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 50 || result.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 20 || result.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 0) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong values extracted";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

where (np_test_3_all.cpp:15253)

      auto y_data = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 0 }, 100);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 1 }, 200);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 2 }, 300);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 3 }, 400);

      auto y_mask = createBoolArray({ 4 }, false);
      MaskedArray<int32> y(y_data, y_mask, -999);

      // Test where() selection
      auto result = where(condition, x, y);

      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

ravel (np_test_1_all.cpp:4082)

    std::cout << "Testing ravel function...\n";

    // Test with 2-D array
    auto arr_2d = createFloat64Array({ 2, 3 });
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            arr_2d.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<double>(i * 3 + j));
        }
    }

    auto raveled = ravel(arr_2d);
    if (!(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        if (!(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))) {
            std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))";
            std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

transpose (np_test_2_all.cpp:4973)

    }

    /**
     * Test matrix properties and methods
     */
    void testMatrixProperties() {
      std::cout << "========= testMatrixProperties =======================";

      // Test transpose
      numpy::Matrix<double> m("1 2 3; 4 5 6");
      auto mt = m.transpose();
      assert_test(mt.rows() == 3, "Transpose rows");
      assert_test(mt.cols() == 2, "Transpose cols");
      assert_test(std::abs(mt(0, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");
      assert_test(std::abs(mt(2, 0) - 3.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");

      // Test trace for square matrix
      numpy::Matrix<double> square("1 2; 3 4");
      double tr = square.trace();
      assert_test(std::abs(tr - 5.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix trace");

max (np_test_1_all.cpp:7274)

    if (sizeof(uintp) == sizeof(void*)) {
        // std::cout << "                -> uintp size matches pointer size";
    } else {
        // std::cout << "  ✗ uintp size doesn't match pointer size" << std::endl;
    }

    // Test range limits
    // std::cout << "Range Information:" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp min: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::min() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp max: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  uintp max: " << std::numeric_limits<uintp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  longdouble digits: " << std::numeric_limits<longdouble>::digits << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes =======================";

    clongdouble c1(3.0L, 4.0L);  // 3 + 4i

min (np_test_1_all.cpp:2350)

        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<int>(i)));
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<double>(i) * 0.5));
        } else {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(std::string("str") + std::to_string(i)));
        }
    }

    // Verify pattern
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(large_size, size_t(100)); ++i) {  // Check first 100
        object_ obj = large_array.getElementAt({i});
        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<int>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<int>())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<double>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("unknown_function():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<double>())";

argsort (np_test_1_all.cpp:16841)

    std::cout << "========= test_argsort =======================";

    // Test 1D array argsort
    NDArray<int> arr1d({ 5 });
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 0 }, 30);  // index 0
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 1 }, 10);  // index 1
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 2 }, 40);  // index 2
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 3 }, 20);  // index 3
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 4 }, 50);  // index 4

    auto indices = argsort(arr1d);

    // Expected order: 10(idx1), 20(idx3), 30(idx0), 40(idx2), 50(idx4)
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

sort (np_test_1_all.cpp:6258)

    std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(100, DataPattern::FEW_UNIQUE);

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

round (np_test_1_all.cpp:23769)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] Power functions have correct signatures\n";

      // Test rounding functions with new decimals parameter
      auto round_result = round(array);        // Default decimals=0
      auto round_decimals_result = round(array, 2);  // With decimals
      if (!(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);

truncate (np_test_5_all.cpp:7536)

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : cutdeg failed";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_cutdeg failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    void np_test_truncate() {
      std::cout << "========= truncate: truncate to size =======================";

      numpy::Polynomial<double> p({ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 });
      auto truncated = p.truncate(3);  // Keep only first 3 coefficients

      auto coefs = truncated.coefficients();
      bool passed = (coefs.size() == 3 &&
        std::abs(coefs[0] - 1.0) < 1e-10 &&
        std::abs(coefs[1] - 2.0) < 1e-10 &&
        std::abs(coefs[2] - 3.0) < 1e-10);

all (np_test_4_all.cpp:23928)

                        }
                    }
                }

                auto result = numpy::einsum<numpy::float64>("ijk->ik", {A});

                if (result.getShape()[0] != 2 || result.getShape()[1] != 2) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum shape wrong");
                }

                // Sum over j: 1+2+3 = 6 for all (i,k) positions
                if (std::abs(result.getElementAt({0, 0}) - 6.0) > 1e-10 ||
                    std::abs(result.getElementAt({1, 1}) - 6.0) > 1e-10) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum values wrong");
                }

                // std::cout << "  OK: Partial sum: 'ijk->ik'\n";
            }

            // Test 5: Size-1 dimension handling
            {

any (np_test_2_all.cpp:16758)

    // ANY() TESTS - SCALAR RESULT
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() {
      std::cout << "========= any: all false elements =======================";

      // Create array with all false/zero elements
      std::vector<double> data = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
      numpy::NDArray<double> arr = numpy::createArrayFromVector<double>({ 3 }, data);

      bool result = numpy::any(arr);

      if (result != false) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() : expected false for all-zero array";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false failed: expected false");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_true() {

isin (np_test_1_all.cpp:19434)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(membership.getElementAt({ 5 }) == false)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testMembershipOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(membership.getElementAt({ 5 }) == false)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Membership testing (in1d) works correctly\n";

    // Test isin (alias for in1d)
    auto isin_result = isin(test_array, test_values);

    // Should be identical to in1d result
    for (size_t i = 0; i < membership.getSize(); ++i) {
      if (!(isin_result.getElementAt({ i }) == membership.getElementAt({ i }))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMembershipOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isin_result.getElementAt({ i }) == membership.getElementAt({ i }))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
    }

unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:6259)

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Few unique data generation test passed. Unique values: " << unique_count << std::endl;

to_numpy (np_test_5_all.cpp:21373)

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_components -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

// =============================================================================
// Test 4: Total Conversion Properties
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_total_conversions() {
    int errors = 0;

    numpy::Timedelta td(1, 12, 0);  // 1 day 12 hours = 1.5 days = 36 hours

    // total_seconds
    {
        double secs = td.total_seconds();
        double expected = (24 + 12) * 3600.0;
        if (std::abs(secs - expected) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_total_conversions: total_seconds expected "
                      << expected << ", got " << secs << std::endl;

to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Verify all changes are reflected
    if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

tolist (np_test_4_all.cpp:20046)

} // namespace numpy_tests

/**
 * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
 * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
 *
 * Tests:
 * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
 * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
 * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
 * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
 * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
 * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
 * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
 *
 * Created: 2025-10-28
 * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
 */

#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"

append (np_test_2_all.cpp:7028)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] Delete with duplicate indices works correctly\n";

      // Test append
      auto appended = append(array, 100);
      if (!(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

delete_ (np_test_4_all.cpp:18411)

    }

    // ============================================================================
    // SPRINT 1.2: ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_phase1_delete() {
      std::cout << "========= delete_: element deletion ====";

      auto arr = numpy::array({10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
      auto result = numpy::delete_(arr, 2);  // Delete index 2 (value 30)

      // Verify size reduced
      if (result.getSize() != 4) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : delete_ result size is " << result.getSize() << ", expected 4\n";
        throw std::runtime_error("delete_ failed: wrong size");
      }

      // Verify correct element was removed
      if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 10 || result.getElementAt({1}) != 20 ||
          result.getElementAt({2}) != 40 || result.getElementAt({3}) != 50) {

delete_ (np_test_4_all.cpp:18411)

    }

    // ============================================================================
    // SPRINT 1.2: ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_phase1_delete() {
      std::cout << "========= delete_: element deletion ====";

      auto arr = numpy::array({10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
      auto result = numpy::delete_(arr, 2);  // Delete index 2 (value 30)

      // Verify size reduced
      if (result.getSize() != 4) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : delete_ result size is " << result.getSize() << ", expected 4\n";
        throw std::runtime_error("delete_ failed: wrong size");
      }

      // Verify correct element was removed
      if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 10 || result.getElementAt({1}) != 20 ||
          result.getElementAt({2}) != 40 || result.getElementAt({3}) != 50) {

insert (np_test_1_all.cpp:6990)

}

void testBusinessDateRangeDateTime() {
    std::cout << "========= testBusinessDateRangeDateTime =======================";

    datetime64 start("2024-03-11");  // Monday
    datetime64 end("2024-03-22");    // Friday (2 weeks later)

    // Create holidays set
    std::set<datetime64> holidays;
    holidays.insert(datetime64("2024-03-15"));  // Friday holiday

    auto business_dates = createBusinessDateRange(start, end, holidays);
    // std::cout << "Business dates from " << start.toString()
              // << " to " << end.toString() << " (excluding 2024-03-15):" << std::endl;
    //business_dates.printArray();

        std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testMonthRangeDateTime() {

repeat (np_test_1_all.cpp:18268)

    // Create test array
    auto array = createInt32Array({ 2, 3 }, 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        array.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j + 1));
      }
    }

    // Test repeat without axis (flattened)
    auto repeated_flat = repeat(array, 2);
    if (!(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

astype (np_test_3_all.cpp:796)

        auto ufunc_square = numpy::frompyfunc(square, 1, 1);

        numpy::NDArray<double> arr({ 3 });
        arr.setElementAt({ 0 }, 2.0);
        arr.setElementAt({ 1 }, 3.0);
        arr.setElementAt({ 2 }, 4.0);

        auto result = ufunc_square(arr);

        // Convert back to double to check values
        auto typed_result = numpy::astype<double>(result);
        if (std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) - 4.0) > 1e-10 ||
          std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 1 }) - 9.0) > 1e-10 ||
          std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 2 }) - 16.0) > 1e-10) {
          std::cout << "[FAIL] Basic frompyfunc creation failed";
          return 1;
        }

        // std::cout << "[OK] Basic frompyfunc creation works correctly" << std::endl;
        std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
        return 0;

copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)

    //original.printArray();

    // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";

    // Test slice copy (should be independent)
    auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
    // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
    //slice_copy.printArray();

    slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);

    // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();
    // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

view (np_test_1_all.cpp:440)

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            original.setElementAt({i, j}, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j));
        }
    }

    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Create multiple views
    auto view1 = original.view();
    auto view2 = original.transposeView();
    auto view3 = original.sliceView({{1, 3}, {1, 3}});

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

is_numeric (np_test_1_all.cpp:7511)

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testNumericConversionStringTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testNumericStringOperationsStringTypes =======================";

    str32 num_str1("123.45");
    str32 num_str2("67.89");
    str32 not_num("hello");

    // std::cout << "String '" << num_str1 << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(num_str1) << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "String '" << not_num << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(not_num) << std::endl;

    if (is_numeric(num_str1)) {
        double val1 = to_numeric(num_str1);
        // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str1 << "': " << val1 << std::endl;
    }

    if (is_numeric(num_str2)) {
        double val2 = to_numeric(num_str2);
        // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str2 << "': " << val2 << std::endl;

is_unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:19676)

    unique_array.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);
    unique_array.setElementAt({ 2 }, 3);
    unique_array.setElementAt({ 3 }, 4);

    auto duplicate_array = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
    duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 0 }, 1);
    duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);
    duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 2 }, 2);  // Duplicate
    duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 3 }, 4);

    if (!(set_ops::is_unique(unique_array) == true)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testUtilityFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(set_ops::is_unique(unique_array) == true)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(set_ops::is_unique(duplicate_array) == false)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testUtilityFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(set_ops::is_unique(duplicate_array) == false)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] is_unique function works correctly\n";

argmax (np_test_3_all.cpp:20521)

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmax_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmax() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0 - largest
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmax(arr);
    // Should return 0 (index of (3,1))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmax() failed: expected index 0");
    }

argmin (np_test_3_all.cpp:20506)

    if (min_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || min_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 1.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("min() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,1)");
    }
    if (max_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || max_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 5.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("max() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,5)");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmin_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmin() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1 - smallest
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }

arrays (np_test_1_all.cpp:11637)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Skewness with small array returns NaN\n";

    // Test with constant values
    auto constant_array = createFloat32Array({ 5 }, 3.0f);
    auto skew_const = skew(constant_array);
    auto kurt_const = kurtosis(constant_array);

    // Should be 0 for constant arrays (no variation)
    if (!(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

arrays (np_test_1_all.cpp:11637)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Skewness with small array returns NaN\n";

    // Test with constant values
    auto constant_array = createFloat32Array({ 5 }, 3.0f);
    auto skew_const = skew(constant_array);
    auto kurt_const = kurtosis(constant_array);

    // Should be 0 for constant arrays (no variation)
    if (!(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

arrays (np_test_1_all.cpp:11637)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Skewness with small array returns NaN\n";

    // Test with constant values
    auto constant_array = createFloat32Array({ 5 }, 3.0f);
    auto skew_const = skew(constant_array);
    auto kurt_const = kurtosis(constant_array);

    // Should be 0 for constant arrays (no variation)
    if (!(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

arrays (np_test_1_all.cpp:11637)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Skewness with small array returns NaN\n";

    // Test with constant values
    auto constant_array = createFloat32Array({ 5 }, 3.0f);
    auto skew_const = skew(constant_array);
    auto kurt_const = kurtosis(constant_array);

    // Should be 0 for constant arrays (no variation)
    if (!(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(skew_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testStatisticalEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(approx_equal(kurt_const.getElementAt({ 0 }), 0.0, 1e-10))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

contains (np_test_2_all.cpp:10521)

      auto npz_file = load_npz(TEMP_DIR + "test_multiple.npz");

      // Verify keys
      auto keys = npz_file.keys();
      if (!(keys.size() == 3)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(keys.size() == 3)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(npz_file.contains("integers"))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"integers\"))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(npz_file.contains("floats"))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"floats\"))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(npz_file.contains("complex_nums"))) {

diff (np_test_2_all.cpp:4947)

      // Test matrix addition and subtraction
      numpy::Matrix<double> a("1 2; 3 4");
      numpy::Matrix<double> b("5 6; 7 8");

      auto sum = a + b;
      assert_test(std::abs(sum(0, 0) - 6.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");
      assert_test(std::abs(sum(1, 1) - 12.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");

      auto diff = b - a;
      assert_test(std::abs(diff(0, 0) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");
      assert_test(std::abs(diff(1, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");

      // Test matrix multiplication (not element-wise!)
      auto product = a * b;
      assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 0) - 19.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,0");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 1) - 22.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,1");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 0) - 43.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,0");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 1) - 50.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,1");

      // Test scalar multiplication

difference (np_test_1_all.cpp:19333)

        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(difference.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 5)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(difference.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 5)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Set difference works correctly\n";

    // Test symmetric difference (XOR)
    auto xor_result = setxor1d(arr1, arr2);

    if (!(xor_result.getSize() == 4)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(xor_result.getSize() == 4)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(xor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(xor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

dtypes (np_test_4_all.cpp:10403)

    }
    catch (const std::exception& e) {
      std::cout << "====================================== np_test_power_scalar FAILED ==================================== ";
      std::cout << "Exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }

} // namespace numpy_tests
// Test file for abs() scalar support
// Tests all 13 dtypes (8 int, 1 bool, 2 float, 2 complex) + edge cases
// Expected: 17 tests, all passing

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"
#include "../numpy/np_math_utils_sqrt.h"

namespace numpy_tests {
namespace numpy_tests_abs_scalar {

format (main.cpp:22)

int main() {
  // Automatically log all output to temp/test_output.log
  numpy::TestLogger logger("temp/test_output.log");

  int res = 0;
  int res1 = 0;
  std::string resS = "";

  // call all the tests
  res1 = numpy_tests::np_test_main();
  resS += std::format("             np_test_main: {}  errors\n", res1);
  res += res1;

  std::cout << "\n------------------------- main --------------------------------------------\n";
  std::cout << std::endl << "All tests completed. Nb errors = " << res << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Details: \n" << resS;
  std::cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n";
  return res;
}

join (np_test_5_all.cpp:1341)

    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_string_join() {
      std::cout << "========= join operation =======================";

      // Join takes a separator string and vector of CharArrays
      std::vector<numpy::CharArray<32>> arrays;
      arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "a", "b", "c" }));
      arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "x", "y", "z" }));

      auto result = numpy::char_::join("-", arrays);

      bool passed = true;

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_string_join() : join operation failed";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_string_join failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

levels (np_test_5_all.cpp:105)

            }

            std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
        }

        // ===========================================================================
        // Test 2: Compression Levels
        // ===========================================================================

        void np_test_zlib_compression_levels() {
            std::cout << "========= compression levels (0-9) =============================";

            std::vector<unsigned char> data = create_test_data(1000, 'A');

            for (int level = 0; level <= 9; ++level) {
                uLongf compressed_len = compressBound(static_cast<uLong>(data.size()));
                std::vector<Bytef> compressed(compressed_len);

                int result = compress2(compressed.data(), &compressed_len,
                                      data.data(), static_cast<uLong>(data.size()), level);

names (np_test_2_all.cpp:18817)

      create_txt_file("test_auto_names.txt");

      // Don't provide names - should generate f0, f1, f2, f3
      auto data = numpy::io::recfromtxt(csv_test_dir + "test_auto_names.txt");

      auto dtype = data.getDType();

      // Verify auto-generated names
      if (!dtype.hasField("f0") || !dtype.hasField("f1") ||
        !dtype.hasField("f2") || !dtype.hasField("f3")) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : Missing auto-generated field names (f0, f1, f2, f3)";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_io_extensions_recfromtxt_auto_names failed: missing auto names");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // ERROR HANDLING TESTS
    // ============================================================================

pairs (np_test_2_all.cpp:8793)

          if (result != expected) {
            std::cout << "   IPP integer msort:                                                                      -> [FAIL]";
            throw std::runtime_error("IPP integer msort: FAILED - incorrect sorted order");
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] IPP integer msort: PASSED" << std::endl;
        }

        // Test 2: Float msort with stability test
        {
          // Test stability using pairs (value, original_index)
          struct TestPair {
            double value;
            int original_index;
            bool operator==(const TestPair& other) const {
              return value == other.value && original_index == other.original_index;
            }
            bool operator<(const TestPair& other) const {
              return value < other.value;
            }
          };

result (np_test_1_all.cpp:6090)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "Timer restart test passed. Second: " << second_elapsed << " ms" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_benchmark_result_storage =======================";

    BenchmarkResult result("TestAlgorithm", 1000, 15.5, true, 4096);

    if (!(result.algorithm_name == "TestAlgorithm")) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.algorithm_name == \"TestAlgorithm\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(result.array_size == 1000)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.array_size == 1000)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

result (np_test_1_all.cpp:6090)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "Timer restart test passed. Second: " << second_elapsed << " ms" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_benchmark_result_storage =======================";

    BenchmarkResult result("TestAlgorithm", 1000, 15.5, true, 4096);

    if (!(result.algorithm_name == "TestAlgorithm")) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.algorithm_name == \"TestAlgorithm\")";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(result.array_size == 1000)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.array_size == 1000)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

shift (np_test_1_all.cpp:2761)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "[OK] Left shift by array\n";

    // Test excessive shift (should result in 0)
    auto excessive_left = left_shift(arr, 20); // More than 16 bits
    if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

size (np_test_1_all.cpp:47)

using namespace numpy;
using namespace numpy::benchmark;
using namespace numpy::char_;

// Helper functions for array comparison tests
namespace {
    const double TOLERANCE = 1e-10;

    bool allTrue(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
        std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);
        do {
            if (!arr.getElementAt(indices)) {
                return false;
            }
        } while (incrementIndices(indices, arr.getShape()));
        return true;
    }

    bool allFalse(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
        std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);

values (np_test_1_all.cpp:15133)

        std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      else {
        std::cout << "[FAIL] Where function failed" << std::endl;
        errors++;
      }

      // Test 8: Clip function
      std::cout << "========= test_clip_function =======================" ;

      numpy::NDArray<double> values({ 5 });
      values.setElementAt({ 0 }, -2.0);
      values.setElementAt({ 1 }, -1.0);
      values.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0.5);
      values.setElementAt({ 3 }, 2.0);
      values.setElementAt({ 4 }, 5.0);
      double min_val = -1.0;
      double max_val = 3.0;

      auto clip_result = numpy::clip(values, min_val, max_val);