DatetimeArray

class numpy::DatetimeArray

numpy C++ class.

Example

#include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
using namespace numpy;

// Use DatetimeArray
DatetimeArray obj;
// ... operations ...

Constructors

Signature	Location	Example
DatetimeArray(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::datetime64>& data, const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask, std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz = nullptr, bool copy = false)	df_datetime_array.h:77
explicit DatetimeArray(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::datetime64>& data, std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz = nullptr)	df_datetime_array.h:95
explicit DatetimeArray(const std::vector<std::optional<numpy::datetime64>>& values, std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz = nullptr)	df_datetime_array.h:141
explicit DatetimeArray(const std::vector<std::string>& iso_strings, std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz = nullptr)	df_datetime_array.h:163

Construction

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
static DatetimeArray from_sequence(const std::vector<std::optional<numpy::datetime64>>& scalars, std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz = nullptr)	static DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:389

Array Creation

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool empty() const	bool	df_datetime_array.h:230	View

Indexing / Selection

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::datetime64 at(size_t index) const	numpy::datetime64	df_datetime_array.h:296	View
DatetimeArray take(const std::vector<size_t>& indices, bool allow_fill = false, std::optional<numpy::datetime64> fill_value = std::nullopt) const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:343	View

Statistics

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<numpy::datetime64> max() const	std::optional<numpy::datetime64>	df_datetime_array.h:770	View
std::optional<numpy::datetime64> min() const	std::optional<numpy::datetime64>	df_datetime_array.h:761	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> minute() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:859	View

Sorting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<size_t> argsort(bool ascending = true, const std::string& na_position = "last") const	numpy::NDArray<size_t>	df_datetime_array.h:690	View

Linear Algebra

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
void detect_unit()	void	df_datetime_array.h:1268
DatetimeArray normalize() const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:1149	View

Set Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
DatetimeArray unique() const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:628	View

I/O

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::datetime64> to_numpy(const numpy::datetime64& na_value = numpy::datetime64::NaT()) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::datetime64>	df_datetime_array.h:453	View
std::string to_string() const	std::string	df_datetime_array.h:1220	View

Type Handling

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
DatetimeArray copy() const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:336	View

Type Checking

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
BooleanArray is_leap_year() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:1085	View
BooleanArray is_month_end() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:980	View
BooleanArray is_month_start() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:961	View
bool is_na(size_t index) const	bool	df_datetime_array.h:307
BooleanArray is_quarter_end() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:1023	View
BooleanArray is_quarter_start() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:1002	View
bool is_tz_aware() const	bool	df_datetime_array.h:258
BooleanArray is_year_end() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:1066	View
BooleanArray is_year_start() const	BooleanArray	df_datetime_array.h:1047	View

Other Methods

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<size_t> argmax() const	std::optional<size_t>	df_datetime_array.h:741	View
std::optional<size_t> argmin() const	std::optional<size_t>	df_datetime_array.h:721	View
static DatetimeArray concat(const std::vector<DatetimeArray>& arrays)	static DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:397
size_t count() const	size_t	df_datetime_array.h:466	View
const numpy::NDArray<numpy::datetime64>& data() const	const numpy::NDArray<numpy::datetime64>&	df_datetime_array.h:269	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> day() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:821	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> dayofweek() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:897	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> dayofyear() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:918	View
DatetimeArray dropna() const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:440
numpy::datetime64 dt(iso_strings[i])	numpy::datetime64	df_datetime_array.h:176	View
dtype_type dtype() const	dtype_type	df_datetime_array.h:195	View
std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, DatetimeArray> factorize() const	std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, DatetimeArray>	df_datetime_array.h:654
DatetimeArray fillna(const numpy::datetime64& value) const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:426
bool has_na() const	bool	df_datetime_array.h:479
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> hour() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:840	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isna() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_datetime_array.h:318
size_t len() const	size_t	df_datetime_array.h:237
const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask() const	const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>&	df_datetime_array.h:276	View
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> month() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:802	View
size_t nbytes() const	size_t	df_datetime_array.h:209	View
constexpr int ndim() const	constexpr int	df_datetime_array.h:216	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> notna() const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool_>	df_datetime_array.h:325
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> quarter() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:937	View
std::string repr() const	std::string	df_datetime_array.h:1237
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> second() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:878	View
std::vector<size_t> shape() const	std::vector<size_t>	df_datetime_array.h:223	View
size_t size() const	size_t	df_datetime_array.h:202	View
std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz() const	std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo>	df_datetime_array.h:251	View
DatetimeArray tz_convert(std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz) const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:1197	View
DatetimeArray tz_convert(const std::string& tz_name) const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:1211	View
DatetimeArray tz_localize(std::shared_ptr<numpy::TimezoneInfo> tz) const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:1175	View
DatetimeArray tz_localize(const std::string& tz_name) const	DatetimeArray	df_datetime_array.h:1188	View
numpy::DateTimeUnit unit() const	numpy::DateTimeUnit	df_datetime_array.h:244
void validate_arrays()	void	df_datetime_array.h:1250
IntegerArray<numpy::int32> year() const	IntegerArray<numpy::int32>	df_datetime_array.h:783	View

Code Examples

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

empty (np_test_1_all.cpp:6316)

}

void test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting() {
    std::cout << "========= test_data_generator_empty =======================";

    DataGenerator<int> gen(42);

    // Test empty data generation
    std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(0, DataPattern::RANDOM);

    if (!(data.empty())) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.empty())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Empty data generation test passed" << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

at (np_test_1_all.cpp:144)

    array.setElementAt({0, 0}, 1);
    array.setElementAt({0, 1}, 2);
    array.setElementAt({0, 2}, 3);
    array.setElementAt({1, 1}, 5);
    array.setElementAt({2, 2}, 9);

    // std::cout << "Array after setting elements:" << std::endl;
    //array.printArray();

    // std::cout << "Element at (1,1): " << array.getElementAt({1, 1}) << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Element at (2,2): " << array.getElementAt({2, 2});

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testArithmetic() {
    std::cout << "========= testArithmeticOperations =======================";

    auto array1 = createFloat32Array({2, 2}, 5.0f);
    auto array2 = createFloat32Array({2, 2}, 3.0f);

take (np_test_5_all.cpp:4313)

      for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        arr.setElementAt({ i }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 10));  // [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
      }

      // Take specific indices
      numpy::NDArray<size_t> indices({ 3 });
      indices.setElementAt({ 0 }, 5);  // 50
      indices.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);  // 20
      indices.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0);  // 0

      auto result = numpy::take(arr, indices);

      if (result.getSize() != 3) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong result size";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      if (result.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 50 || result.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 20 || result.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 0) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong values extracted";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

max (np_test_1_all.cpp:7274)

    if (sizeof(uintp) == sizeof(void*)) {
        // std::cout << "                -> uintp size matches pointer size";
    } else {
        // std::cout << "  ✗ uintp size doesn't match pointer size" << std::endl;
    }

    // Test range limits
    // std::cout << "Range Information:" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp min: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::min() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp max: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  uintp max: " << std::numeric_limits<uintp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  longdouble digits: " << std::numeric_limits<longdouble>::digits << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes =======================";

    clongdouble c1(3.0L, 4.0L);  // 3 + 4i

min (np_test_1_all.cpp:2350)

        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<int>(i)));
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<double>(i) * 0.5));
        } else {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(std::string("str") + std::to_string(i)));
        }
    }

    // Verify pattern
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(large_size, size_t(100)); ++i) {  // Check first 100
        object_ obj = large_array.getElementAt({i});
        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<int>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<int>())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<double>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("unknown_function():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<double>())";

minute (np_test_5_all.cpp:22186)

            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td3("45s");
        if (std::abs(td3.total_seconds() - 45.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: '45s' expected 45 sec"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td4("NaT");
        if (!td4.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: 'NaT' should parse to NaT"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // Stream operator
    {
        numpy::Timedelta td(1, 2, 30);

argsort (np_test_1_all.cpp:16841)

    std::cout << "========= test_argsort =======================";

    // Test 1D array argsort
    NDArray<int> arr1d({ 5 });
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 0 }, 30);  // index 0
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 1 }, 10);  // index 1
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 2 }, 40);  // index 2
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 3 }, 20);  // index 3
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 4 }, 50);  // index 4

    auto indices = argsort(arr1d);

    // Expected order: 10(idx1), 20(idx3), 30(idx0), 40(idx2), 50(idx4)
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

normalize (np_test_5_all.cpp:22817)

      if (str.find("2024") == std::string::npos) { pass = false; fail_msg = "toString should contain year"; }

      // isoformat
      std::string iso = ts.isoformat();
      if (iso.find("2024-06-15") == std::string::npos) { pass = false; fail_msg = "isoformat should contain date"; }

      // isoformat with space separator
      std::string iso_space = ts.isoformat(' ');
      if (iso_space.find(" ") == std::string::npos) { pass = false; fail_msg = "isoformat with space separator"; }

      // strftime
      std::string fmt = ts.strftime("%Y/%m/%d");
      if (fmt != "2024/06/15") { pass = false; fail_msg = "strftime format"; }

      // ctime
      std::string ct = ts.ctime();
      if (ct.find("2024") == std::string::npos) { pass = false; fail_msg = "ctime should contain year"; }

      // day_name
      std::string dayname = ts.day_name();
      if (dayname != "Saturday") { pass = false; fail_msg = "2024-06-15 is Saturday"; }

unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:6259)

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "Few unique data generation test passed. Unique values: " << unique_count << std::endl;

to_numpy (np_test_5_all.cpp:21373)

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_components -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

// =============================================================================
// Test 4: Total Conversion Properties
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_total_conversions() {
    int errors = 0;

    numpy::Timedelta td(1, 12, 0);  // 1 day 12 hours = 1.5 days = 36 hours

    // total_seconds
    {
        double secs = td.total_seconds();
        double expected = (24 + 12) * 3600.0;
        if (std::abs(secs - expected) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_total_conversions: total_seconds expected "
                      << expected << ", got " << secs << std::endl;

to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Verify all changes are reflected
    if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)

    //original.printArray();

    // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";

    // Test slice copy (should be independent)
    auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
    // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
    //slice_copy.printArray();

    slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);

    // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();
    // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

is_leap_year (np_test_5_all.cpp:22577)

        numpy::Timestamp::strptime("", "%Y-%m-%d");
      } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty string");
      }

      // Test 9: Empty format should throw
      threw = false;
      try {
        numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15", "");
      } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");

is_month_end (np_test_5_all.cpp:22590)

        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");
      if (ts10.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: literal percent parsing");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // COMPONENT PROPERTIES TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_timestamp_properties() {
      std::cout << "========= timestamp: component properties ========================";

is_month_start (np_test_5_all.cpp:22585)

      // Test 9: Empty format should throw
      threw = false;
      try {
        numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15", "");
      } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");
      if (ts10.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: literal percent parsing");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================

is_quarter_end (np_test_5_all.cpp:22591)

      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");
      if (ts10.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: literal percent parsing");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // COMPONENT PROPERTIES TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_timestamp_properties() {
      std::cout << "========= timestamp: component properties ========================";

is_quarter_start (np_test_5_all.cpp:22586)

      threw = false;
      try {
        numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15", "");
      } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");
      if (ts10.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: literal percent parsing");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // COMPONENT PROPERTIES TESTS

is_year_end (np_test_5_all.cpp:22589)

      } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");
      if (ts10.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: literal percent parsing");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // COMPONENT PROPERTIES TESTS
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_timestamp_properties() {

is_year_start (np_test_5_all.cpp:22584)

      // Test 9: Empty format should throw
      threw = false;
      try {
        numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15", "");
      } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
        threw = true;
      }
      if (!threw) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: should throw for empty format");
      }

      // Test 10: Literal percent
      numpy::Timestamp ts10 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("100%2024-03-15", "100%%%Y-%m-%d");
      if (ts10.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: literal percent parsing");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

argmax (np_test_3_all.cpp:20521)

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmax_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmax() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0 - largest
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmax(arr);
    // Should return 0 (index of (3,1))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmax() failed: expected index 0");
    }

argmin (np_test_3_all.cpp:20506)

    if (min_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || min_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 1.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("min() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,1)");
    }
    if (max_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || max_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 5.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("max() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,5)");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmin_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmin() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1 - smallest
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }

count (np_test_1_all.cpp:3616)

    // Create larger arrays for performance testing
    auto large_arr = NDArray<double>::createOnes({100, 100});
    auto broadcast_arr = NDArray<double>::createOnes({1, 100});

    // Time the operation (basic timing)
    auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    auto result = large_arr.addArrays(broadcast_arr);
    auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start);
    // std::cout << "Large array broadcasting took " << duration.count() << " microseconds" << std::endl;

    // Verify result shape
    if (!((result.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{100, 100}))) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_broadcasting_performance():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !((result.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{100, 100}))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(result.getElementAt({50, 50}) == 2.0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_broadcasting_performance():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({50, 50}) == 2.0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

data (np_test_1_all.cpp:2084)

    }
    if (!(derived_ptr->extra == 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectHolderEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(derived_ptr->extra == 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Test 6: Large object handling
    struct LargeObject {
        std::vector<double> data;
        LargeObject() : data(10000, 3.14159) {}  // Large object
    };

    LargeObject large;
    object_ large_obj(large);  // Should handle large objects
    if (!(!large_obj.is_null())) {
        std::string description = std::string("testObjectHolderEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(!large_obj.is_null())";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(large_obj.is_type<LargeObject>())) {

day (np_test_5_all.cpp:22185)

                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td3("45s");
        if (std::abs(td3.total_seconds() - 45.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: '45s' expected 45 sec"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td4("NaT");
        if (!td4.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: 'NaT' should parse to NaT"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // Stream operator
    {

dayofweek (np_test_5_all.cpp:22547)

        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: American format parsing");
      }

      // Test 4: 2-digit year
      numpy::Timestamp ts4 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("03/15/24", "%m/%d/%y");
      if (ts4.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: 2-digit year parsing");
      }

      // Test 5: With microseconds
      numpy::Timestamp ts5 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15 14:30:45.123456", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f");
      if (ts5.microsecond() != 123456) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: microseconds parsing");
      }

      // Test 6: 12-hour format with AM/PM
      numpy::Timestamp ts6 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("03/15/2024 02:30:00 PM", "%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p");
      if (ts6.hour() != 14) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: 12-hour format parsing");
      }

dayofyear (np_test_5_all.cpp:22549)

      // Test 4: 2-digit year
      numpy::Timestamp ts4 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("03/15/24", "%m/%d/%y");
      if (ts4.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: 2-digit year parsing");
      }

      // Test 5: With microseconds
      numpy::Timestamp ts5 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15 14:30:45.123456", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f");
      if (ts5.microsecond() != 123456) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: microseconds parsing");
      }

      // Test 6: 12-hour format with AM/PM
      numpy::Timestamp ts6 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("03/15/2024 02:30:00 PM", "%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p");
      if (ts6.hour() != 14) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: 12-hour format parsing");
      }

      // Test 7: Day of year format
      numpy::Timestamp ts7 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-075", "%Y-%j");

dt (np_test_2_all.cpp:21934)

          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Hour, "h"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Minute, "m"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Second, "s"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Millisecond, "ms"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Microsecond, "us"},
          {numpy::DateTimeUnit::Nanosecond, "ns"}
      };

      // Test all datetime64 units
      for (const auto& test : tests) {
        numpy::datetime64 dt(1, test.unit);
        auto [unit_str, count] = numpy::datetime_utils::datetime_data(dt);

        if (unit_str != test.expected_str || count != 1) {
          std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_datetime_data_all_units() : datetime64 unit test failed for "
            << test.expected_str << ": got ('" << unit_str << "', " << count << ")" << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error("np_test_datetime_data_all_units failed: datetime64 unit mismatch");
        }
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;

dtype (np_test_3_all.cpp:7942)

  if (info.max != expected_max) {
    std::cerr << "[FAIL] IInfo<uint64_t>::max mismatch";
    throw std::runtime_error("IInfo uint64 max test failed");
  }
  // std::cout << "[OK] IInfo<uint64_t>::max = " << info.max << std::endl;

  std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

// ============================================================================
// dtype() Tests - DType descriptor creation
// ============================================================================

void np_test_dtype_from_string_integers() {
  std::cout << "========= np_test_dtype_from_string_integers =======================";

  // Test integer type strings
  if (dtype("int8") != DType::INT8) {
    std::cerr << "[FAIL] dtype(\"int8\") should return INT8";
    throw std::runtime_error("dtype string test failed");
  }

hour (np_test_5_all.cpp:22186)

            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td3("45s");
        if (std::abs(td3.total_seconds() - 45.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: '45s' expected 45 sec"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td4("NaT");
        if (!td4.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: 'NaT' should parse to NaT"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // Stream operator
    {
        numpy::Timedelta td(1, 2, 30);

mask (np_test_1_all.cpp:27691)

    void test_mask_rows_cols() {
      std::cout << "========= ma::mask_rows() and ma::mask_cols(): mask operations ===";

      auto data = numpy::array({ {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}, {4.0, 5.0, 6.0} });
      auto mask = numpy::array({ {false, true, false}, {false, false, false} });
      auto ma = numpy::ma::masked_array(data, mask);

      auto result_rows = numpy::ma::mask_rows(ma);
      auto result_cols = numpy::ma::mask_cols(ma);

      // std::cout << "  ma::mask_rows(): row 0 fully masked: " << (result_rows.mask().getElementAt({ 0, 0 }) ? "true" : "false") << std::endl;
      // std::cout << "  ma::mask_cols(): column 1 fully masked: " << (result_cols.mask().getElementAt({ 1, 1 }) ? "true" : "false");
      std::cout << " -> tests passed";
    }

    void test_compress_rowcols() {
      std::cout << "========= ma::compress_rowcols(): remove masked rows/columns ===";

      auto data = numpy::array({ {1.0, 2.0, 3.0}, {4.0, 5.0, 6.0}, {7.0, 8.0, 9.0} });
      auto mask = numpy::array({ {false, false, false}, {false, true, false}, {false, false, false} });
      auto ma = numpy::ma::masked_array(data, mask);

month (np_test_5_all.cpp:22185)

                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td3("45s");
        if (std::abs(td3.total_seconds() - 45.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: '45s' expected 45 sec"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td4("NaT");
        if (!td4.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: 'NaT' should parse to NaT"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // Stream operator
    {

nbytes (np_test_2_all.cpp:3547)

      }

      // Test itemsize
      if (!(itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

      // Test nbytes
      if (!(nbytes(arr) == 24 * sizeof(double))) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(nbytes(arr) == 24 * sizeof(double))";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

      // Test flags
      auto flags_info = flags(arr);
      if (!(flags_info.owndata == true)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(flags_info.owndata == true)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

ndim (np_test_2_all.cpp:3526)

    void testArrayInfo() {
      std::cout << "Testing array information functions...\n";

      // Test basic info functions
      auto arr = createFloat64Array({ 2, 3, 4 });
      for (size_t i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); ++i) {
        arr.setElementAt({ i / 12, (i / 4) % 3, i % 4 }, static_cast<double>(i));
      }

      // Test ndim
      if (!(ndim(arr) == 3)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(ndim(arr) == 3)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }

      // Test size
      if (!(size(arr) == 24)) {
          std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(size(arr) == 24)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);

quarter (np_test_5_all.cpp:22551)

      numpy::Timestamp ts4 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("03/15/24", "%m/%d/%y");
      if (ts4.year() != 2024) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: 2-digit year parsing");
      }

      // Test 5: With microseconds
      numpy::Timestamp ts5 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-03-15 14:30:45.123456", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f");
      if (ts5.microsecond() != 123456) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: microseconds parsing");
      }

      // Test 6: 12-hour format with AM/PM
      numpy::Timestamp ts6 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("03/15/2024 02:30:00 PM", "%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p");
      if (ts6.hour() != 14) {
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: 12-hour format parsing");
      }

      // Test 7: Day of year format
      numpy::Timestamp ts7 = numpy::Timestamp::strptime("2024-075", "%Y-%j");
      if (ts7.month() != 3 || ts7.day() != 15) {  // Day 75 of 2024 is March 15
        throw std::runtime_error("strptime failed: day of year parsing");

second (np_test_5_all.cpp:22186)

            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td3("45s");
        if (std::abs(td3.total_seconds() - 45.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: '45s' expected 45 sec"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td4("NaT");
        if (!td4.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: 'NaT' should parse to NaT"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // Stream operator
    {
        numpy::Timedelta td(1, 2, 30);

shape (np_test_1_all.cpp:3751)

    }

    for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        arr3.setElementAt({0, j}, static_cast<double>((j + 1) * 100));  // [100, 200, 300]
    }

    // Broadcast all arrays together
    std::vector<NDArray<double>> arrays = {arr1, arr2, arr3};
    auto broadcasted = broadcast_arrays(arrays);

    // All should have shape (2, 3)
    for (const auto& arr : broadcasted) {
        if (!((arr.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{2, 3}))) {
            std::string description = std::string("test_broadcast_arrays():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !((arr.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>{2, 3}))";
            std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
            throw std::runtime_error(description);
        }
    }

    // Check values
    if (!(broadcasted[0].getElementAt({0, 1}) == 2.0)) {

size (np_test_1_all.cpp:47)

using namespace numpy;
using namespace numpy::benchmark;
using namespace numpy::char_;

// Helper functions for array comparison tests
namespace {
    const double TOLERANCE = 1e-10;

    bool allTrue(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
        std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);
        do {
            if (!arr.getElementAt(indices)) {
                return false;
            }
        } while (incrementIndices(indices, arr.getShape()));
        return true;
    }

    bool allFalse(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
        std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);

tz (np_test_5_all.cpp:22214)

        }
    }

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_edge_cases -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

} // namespace numpy_tests_timedelta

// =============================================================================
// Main Test Runner
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_main() {
    int errors = 0;

    errors += numpy_tests_timedelta::np_test_timedelta_constructors();
    errors += numpy_tests_timedelta::np_test_timedelta_static_factories();
    errors += numpy_tests_timedelta::np_test_timedelta_components();
    errors += numpy_tests_timedelta::np_test_timedelta_total_conversions();

tz_convert (np_test_5_all.cpp:22899)

      if (floored_h.hour() != 14 || floored_h.minute() != 0 || floored_h.second() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "floor to hour failed";
      }

      // ceil to hour
      numpy::Timestamp ceiled_h = ts.ceil("h");
      if (ceiled_h.hour() != 15 || ceiled_h.minute() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "ceil to hour failed";
      }

      // round to hour (37 minutes -> round up)
      numpy::Timestamp rounded_h = ts.round("h");
      if (rounded_h.hour() != 15) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "round to hour should be 15 (37 > 30)";
      }

      // normalize (floor to day)
      numpy::Timestamp normalized = ts.normalize();

tz_convert (np_test_5_all.cpp:22899)

      if (floored_h.hour() != 14 || floored_h.minute() != 0 || floored_h.second() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "floor to hour failed";
      }

      // ceil to hour
      numpy::Timestamp ceiled_h = ts.ceil("h");
      if (ceiled_h.hour() != 15 || ceiled_h.minute() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "ceil to hour failed";
      }

      // round to hour (37 minutes -> round up)
      numpy::Timestamp rounded_h = ts.round("h");
      if (rounded_h.hour() != 15) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "round to hour should be 15 (37 > 30)";
      }

      // normalize (floor to day)
      numpy::Timestamp normalized = ts.normalize();

tz_localize (np_test_5_all.cpp:22892)

      auto pass = true;
      std::string fail_msg;

      numpy::Timestamp ts(2024, 6, 15, 14, 37, 45, 123456);

      // floor to hour
      numpy::Timestamp floored_h = ts.floor("h");
      if (floored_h.hour() != 14 || floored_h.minute() != 0 || floored_h.second() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "floor to hour failed";
      }

      // ceil to hour
      numpy::Timestamp ceiled_h = ts.ceil("h");
      if (ceiled_h.hour() != 15 || ceiled_h.minute() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "ceil to hour failed";
      }

      // round to hour (37 minutes -> round up)
      numpy::Timestamp rounded_h = ts.round("h");

tz_localize (np_test_5_all.cpp:22892)

      auto pass = true;
      std::string fail_msg;

      numpy::Timestamp ts(2024, 6, 15, 14, 37, 45, 123456);

      // floor to hour
      numpy::Timestamp floored_h = ts.floor("h");
      if (floored_h.hour() != 14 || floored_h.minute() != 0 || floored_h.second() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "floor to hour failed";
      }

      // ceil to hour
      numpy::Timestamp ceiled_h = ts.ceil("h");
      if (ceiled_h.hour() != 15 || ceiled_h.minute() != 0) {
        pass = false;
        fail_msg = "ceil to hour failed";
      }

      // round to hour (37 minutes -> round up)
      numpy::Timestamp rounded_h = ts.round("h");

year (np_test_5_all.cpp:22185)

                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td3("45s");
        if (std::abs(td3.total_seconds() - 45.0) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: '45s' expected 45 sec"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }

        numpy::Timedelta td4("NaT");
        if (!td4.isNaT()) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_edge_cases: 'NaT' should parse to NaT"
                      << std::endl;
            errors++;
        }
    }

    // Stream operator
    {