CategoricalIndex

class numpy::CategoricalIndex

numpy C++ class.

Example

#include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
using namespace numpy;

// Use CategoricalIndex
CategoricalIndex obj;
// ... operations ...

Constructors

Signature	Location	Example
explicit CategoricalIndex(const CategoricalArray& array, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_categorical_index.h:61
explicit CategoricalIndex(CategoricalArray&& array, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_categorical_index.h:71
explicit CategoricalIndex(const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& values, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt, bool ordered = false)	df_categorical_index.h:82
CategoricalIndex(const std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>& values, const std::vector<std::string>& categories, bool ordered = false, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	df_categorical_index.h:95
CategoricalIndex(const CategoricalIndex& other)	df_categorical_index.h:105
CategoricalIndex(CategoricalIndex&& other) noexcept	df_categorical_index.h:112
\* Format: CategoricalIndex(['a', 'b', 'a'], categories=['a', 'b'], ordered=False, name='x')	df_categorical_index.h:508

Construction

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
static CategoricalIndex from_codes( const std::vector<numpy::int32>& codes, const std::vector<std::string>& categories, bool ordered = false, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)	static CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:152

Indexing / Selection

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
get_indexer_non_unique(const CategoricalIndex& target) const		df_categorical_index.h:924
CategoricalIndex get_level_values(int level) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:863
CategoricalIndex get_level_values(const std::string& level_name) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:879
size_t get_slice_bound(const std::string& label, const std::string& side = "left") const	size_t	df_categorical_index.h:982
std::string get_value_str(size_t index) const override	std::string	df_categorical_index.h:566
std::string item() const	std::string	df_categorical_index.h:1137	View
CategoricalIndex putmask(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask, const std::string& value) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1365	View
size_t searchsorted(const std::string& value, const std::string& side = "left") const	size_t	df_categorical_index.h:1497	View
CategoricalIndex where(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& cond, const std::string& other) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1706	View

Shape Manipulation

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> ravel() const	std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>	df_categorical_index.h:1393	View
CategoricalIndex transpose() const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1686	View

Statistics

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<std::string> max() const	std::optional<std::string>	df_categorical_index.h:413	View
std::optional<std::string> min() const	std::optional<std::string>	df_categorical_index.h:398	View

Sorting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> argsort(bool ascending = true) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:1738	View
CategoricalIndex sort(bool ascending = true) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1818	View
CategoricalIndex sort_values(bool ascending = true) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1799
std::pair<CategoricalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>> sortlevel( int level = 0, bool ascending = true) const	std::pair<CategoricalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>	df_categorical_index.h:1619

Math Operations

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
CategoricalIndex add_categories(const std::vector<std::string>& new_cats) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:307
CategoricalIndex round(int decimals = 0) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1483	View

Comparison

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool equals(const CategoricalIndex& other) const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:590

Logical

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool all() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:624	View
bool any() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:640	View

I/O

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
CategoricalIndex to_flat_index() const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1648
std::vector<std::string> to_numpy() const	std::vector<std::string>	df_categorical_index.h:1657	View
std::string to_string() const override	std::string	df_categorical_index.h:512	View
std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> tolist() const	std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>	df_categorical_index.h:1677	View

Joining / Splitting

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
CategoricalIndex repeat(size_t repeats) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1459	View

Type Handling

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::vector<std::string> astype(const std::string& dtype = "object") const	std::vector<std::string>	df_categorical_index.h:760	View
CategoricalIndex copy() const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:472	View
std::vector<std::optional<std::string>> view() const	std::vector<std::optional<std::string>>	df_categorical_index.h:1695	View

Type Checking

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
bool is\_(const CategoricalIndex& other) const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1128
bool is_boolean() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1050
bool is_categorical() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1062
bool is_floating() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1070
bool is_integer() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1078
bool is_interval() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1086
bool is_numeric() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1094	View
bool is_object() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1102

Other Methods

Signature	Return Type	Location	Example
std::optional<size_t> argmax() const	std::optional<size_t>	df_categorical_index.h:439	View
std::optional<size_t> argmin() const	std::optional<size_t>	df_categorical_index.h:426	View
CategoricalIndex as_ordered() const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:368
CategoricalIndex as_unordered() const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:381
std::optional<std::string> asof(const std::string& where) const	std::optional<std::string>	df_categorical_index.h:662
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> asof_locs(const std::vector<std::string>& where) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:724
const std::vector<std::string>& categories() const	const std::vector<std::string>&	df_categorical_index.h:201
std::unique_ptr<IndexBase> clone() const override	std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>	df_categorical_index.h:501	View
const numpy::NDArray<numpy::int32>& codes() const	const numpy::NDArray<numpy::int32>&	df_categorical_index.h:213
\* For CategoricalIndex, shifts codes (values become NA at edges).	* For CategoricalIndex, shifts	df_categorical_index.h:1543
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> diff(int64_t periods = 1) const	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:803	View
CategoricalIndex droplevel(int level = 0) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:847
std::vector<std::string> format(const std::string& formatter = "") const	std::vector<std::string>	df_categorical_index.h:899	View
std::unordered_map<GroupT, std::vector<size_t>> groupby( const std::vector<GroupT>& values) const	std::unordered_map<GroupT, std::vector<size_t>>	df_categorical_index.h:1019
bool has_category(const std::string& category) const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:242
bool holds_integer() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:1042
bool identical(const CategoricalIndex& other) const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:609
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> indexer(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:1414
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> indexer_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:962
CategoricalIndex infer_objects(bool copy_data = true) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1118
std::string inferred_type() const override	std::string	df_categorical_index.h:493
join(const CategoricalIndex& other, const std::string& how = "left", bool sort = false) const		df_categorical_index.h:1161	View
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> left_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:1308
CategoricalIndex map(const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& mapping) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:459
size_t memory_usage(bool deep = false) const	size_t	df_categorical_index.h:1333
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> missing_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:967
size_t num_categories() const	size_t	df_categorical_index.h:233
\* Ordered categoricals support comparison operations (< <= > >=)	* Ordered categoricals support comparison	df_categorical_index.h:220	View
\* operations (< <= > >=) and min/max will raise errors.	*	df_categorical_index.h:377	View
bool ordered() const	bool	df_categorical_index.h:225	View
CategoricalIndex joined_index(joined_values, merged_cats, ordered(), this->name())	CategoricalIndex joined_index(joined_values, merged_cats,	df_categorical_index.h:1299	View
std::pair<CategoricalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>> reindex( const CategoricalIndex& target, const std::string& method = "") const	std::pair<CategoricalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>	df_categorical_index.h:1410
CategoricalIndex remove_categories(const std::vector<std::string>& removals) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:321
CategoricalIndex remove_unused_categories() const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:333
CategoricalIndex rename(const std::optional<std::string>& new_name) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:481
CategoricalIndex rename_categories(const std::vector<std::string>& new_names) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:261
CategoricalIndex rename_categories( const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>& mapping) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:275
CategoricalIndex reorder_categories(const std::vector<std::string>& new_order) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:292
std::string repr() const override	std::string	df_categorical_index.h:557
numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> right_arr(std::vector<size_t>	numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>	df_categorical_index.h:1309
CategoricalIndex set_categories(const std::vector<std::string>& new_cats, bool rename = false) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:349
CategoricalIndex set_names(const std::optional<std::string>& new_name) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1536
CategoricalIndex shift(int64_t periods) const	CategoricalIndex	df_categorical_index.h:1548	View
std::pair<size_t, size_t> slice_indexer( const std::optional<std::string>& start, const std::optional<std::string>& stop) const	std::pair<size_t, size_t>	df_categorical_index.h:1583
std::pair<size_t, size_t> slice_locs( const std::optional<std::string>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::string>& stop = std::nullopt) const	std::pair<size_t, size_t>	df_categorical_index.h:1606
\* matched by value (values not in new_cats become NA). If rename=true,	* matched by	df_categorical_index.h:342	View

Internal Methods

2 internal methods (prefixed with underscore)

Code Examples

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

item (np_test_4_all.cpp:20048)

/**
 * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
 * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
 *
 * Tests:
 * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
 * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
 * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
 * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
 * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
 * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
 * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
 *
 * Created: 2025-10-28
 * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
 */

#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"
#include "../numpy/np_masked_array.h"
#include <iostream>

putmask (np_test_5_all.cpp:4659)

      mask.setElementAt({ 1 }, false);
      mask.setElementAt({ 2 }, true);
      mask.setElementAt({ 3 }, false);
      mask.setElementAt({ 4 }, true);

      // Create value array
      numpy::NDArray<int32_t> values({ 1 });
      values.setElementAt({ 0 }, 99);

      // Apply putmask
      numpy::putmask(arr, mask, values);

      // Expected: [99, 2, 99, 4, 99]
      if (arr.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 2 ||
        arr.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 3 }) != 4 ||
        arr.getElementAt({ 4 }) != 99) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_putmask() : Incorrect result";
        throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
      }

      // Test with multiple values

searchsorted (np_test_2_all.cpp:8204)

      // Test missing NumPy functions
      void test_numpy_functions() {
        std::cout << "========= NumPy Functions Test ==========================";

        // Test searchsorted
        {
          std::vector<int> sorted_arr = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
          std::vector<int> values = { 2, 6, 8 };

          auto result = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "left");
          std::vector<size_t> expected = { 1, 3, 4 };

          if (result != expected) {
            std::cout << "   searchsorted (left):                                                                   -> [FAIL]";
            throw std::runtime_error("searchsorted (left): FAILED - incorrect result indices");
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] searchsorted (left): PASSED" << std::endl;

          auto result_right = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "right");
          std::vector<size_t> expected_right = { 1, 3, 4 };

where (np_test_3_all.cpp:15253)

      auto y_data = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 0 }, 100);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 1 }, 200);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 2 }, 300);
      y_data.setElementAt({ 3 }, 400);

      auto y_mask = createBoolArray({ 4 }, false);
      MaskedArray<int32> y(y_data, y_mask, -999);

      // Test where() selection
      auto result = where(condition, x, y);

      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)) {
          std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

ravel (np_test_1_all.cpp:4082)

    std::cout << "Testing ravel function...\n";

    // Test with 2-D array
    auto arr_2d = createFloat64Array({ 2, 3 });
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            arr_2d.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<double>(i * 3 + j));
        }
    }

    auto raveled = ravel(arr_2d);
    if (!(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
        if (!(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))) {
            std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))";
            std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

transpose (np_test_2_all.cpp:4973)

    }

    /**
     * Test matrix properties and methods
     */
    void testMatrixProperties() {
      std::cout << "========= testMatrixProperties =======================";

      // Test transpose
      numpy::Matrix<double> m("1 2 3; 4 5 6");
      auto mt = m.transpose();
      assert_test(mt.rows() == 3, "Transpose rows");
      assert_test(mt.cols() == 2, "Transpose cols");
      assert_test(std::abs(mt(0, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");
      assert_test(std::abs(mt(2, 0) - 3.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");

      // Test trace for square matrix
      numpy::Matrix<double> square("1 2; 3 4");
      double tr = square.trace();
      assert_test(std::abs(tr - 5.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix trace");

max (np_test_1_all.cpp:7274)

    if (sizeof(uintp) == sizeof(void*)) {
        // std::cout << "                -> uintp size matches pointer size";
    } else {
        // std::cout << "  ✗ uintp size doesn't match pointer size" << std::endl;
    }

    // Test range limits
    // std::cout << "Range Information:" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp min: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::min() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  intp max: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  uintp max: " << std::numeric_limits<uintp>::max() << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "  longdouble digits: " << std::numeric_limits<longdouble>::digits << std::endl;

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes =======================";

    clongdouble c1(3.0L, 4.0L);  // 3 + 4i

min (np_test_1_all.cpp:2350)

        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<int>(i)));
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<double>(i) * 0.5));
        } else {
            large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(std::string("str") + std::to_string(i)));
        }
    }

    // Verify pattern
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(large_size, size_t(100)); ++i) {  // Check first 100
        object_ obj = large_array.getElementAt({i});
        if (i % 3 == 0) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<int>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<int>())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
        } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
            if (!(obj.is_type<double>())) {
                std::string description = std::string("unknown_function():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<double>())";

argsort (np_test_1_all.cpp:16841)

    std::cout << "========= test_argsort =======================";

    // Test 1D array argsort
    NDArray<int> arr1d({ 5 });
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 0 }, 30);  // index 0
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 1 }, 10);  // index 1
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 2 }, 40);  // index 2
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 3 }, 20);  // index 3
    arr1d.setElementAt({ 4 }, 50);  // index 4

    auto indices = argsort(arr1d);

    // Expected order: 10(idx1), 20(idx3), 30(idx0), 40(idx2), 50(idx4)
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

sort (np_test_1_all.cpp:6258)

    std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(100, DataPattern::FEW_UNIQUE);

    if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // Count unique values
    std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
    std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
    size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);

    // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
    if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
        std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

round (np_test_1_all.cpp:23769)

          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      // std::cout << "[OK] Power functions have correct signatures\n";

      // Test rounding functions with new decimals parameter
      auto round_result = round(array);        // Default decimals=0
      auto round_decimals_result = round(array, 2);  // With decimals
      if (!(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);
      }
      if (!(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
          std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
          std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
          throw std::runtime_error(description);

all (np_test_4_all.cpp:23928)

                        }
                    }
                }

                auto result = numpy::einsum<numpy::float64>("ijk->ik", {A});

                if (result.getShape()[0] != 2 || result.getShape()[1] != 2) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum shape wrong");
                }

                // Sum over j: 1+2+3 = 6 for all (i,k) positions
                if (std::abs(result.getElementAt({0, 0}) - 6.0) > 1e-10 ||
                    std::abs(result.getElementAt({1, 1}) - 6.0) > 1e-10) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum values wrong");
                }

                // std::cout << "  OK: Partial sum: 'ijk->ik'\n";
            }

            // Test 5: Size-1 dimension handling
            {

any (np_test_2_all.cpp:16758)

    // ANY() TESTS - SCALAR RESULT
    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() {
      std::cout << "========= any: all false elements =======================";

      // Create array with all false/zero elements
      std::vector<double> data = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
      numpy::NDArray<double> arr = numpy::createArrayFromVector<double>({ 3 }, data);

      bool result = numpy::any(arr);

      if (result != false) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() : expected false for all-zero array";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false failed: expected false");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_true() {

to_numpy (np_test_5_all.cpp:21373)

    if (errors == 0) {
        std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_components -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }
    return errors;
}

// =============================================================================
// Test 4: Total Conversion Properties
// =============================================================================
int np_test_timedelta_total_conversions() {
    int errors = 0;

    numpy::Timedelta td(1, 12, 0);  // 1 day 12 hours = 1.5 days = 36 hours

    // total_seconds
    {
        double secs = td.total_seconds();
        double expected = (24 + 12) * 3600.0;
        if (std::abs(secs - expected) > 0.0001) {
            std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_total_conversions: total_seconds expected "
                      << expected << ", got " << secs << std::endl;

to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Verify all changes are reflected
    if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

tolist (np_test_4_all.cpp:20046)

} // namespace numpy_tests

/**
 * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
 * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
 *
 * Tests:
 * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
 * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
 * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
 * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
 * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
 * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
 * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
 *
 * Created: 2025-10-28
 * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
 */

#include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"

repeat (np_test_1_all.cpp:18268)

    // Create test array
    auto array = createInt32Array({ 2, 3 }, 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
      for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
        array.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j + 1));
      }
    }

    // Test repeat without axis (flattened)
    auto repeated_flat = repeat(array, 2);
    if (!(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

astype (np_test_3_all.cpp:796)

        auto ufunc_square = numpy::frompyfunc(square, 1, 1);

        numpy::NDArray<double> arr({ 3 });
        arr.setElementAt({ 0 }, 2.0);
        arr.setElementAt({ 1 }, 3.0);
        arr.setElementAt({ 2 }, 4.0);

        auto result = ufunc_square(arr);

        // Convert back to double to check values
        auto typed_result = numpy::astype<double>(result);
        if (std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) - 4.0) > 1e-10 ||
          std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 1 }) - 9.0) > 1e-10 ||
          std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 2 }) - 16.0) > 1e-10) {
          std::cout << "[FAIL] Basic frompyfunc creation failed";
          return 1;
        }

        // std::cout << "[OK] Basic frompyfunc creation works correctly" << std::endl;
        std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
        return 0;

copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)

    //original.printArray();

    // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
    if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";

    // Test slice copy (should be independent)
    auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
    // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
    //slice_copy.printArray();

    slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);

    // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();
    // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

view (np_test_1_all.cpp:440)

    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            original.setElementAt({i, j}, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j));
        }
    }

    // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

    // Create multiple views
    auto view1 = original.view();
    auto view2 = original.transposeView();
    auto view3 = original.sliceView({{1, 3}, {1, 3}});

    // Modify through different views
    view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
    view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
    view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original

    // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
    //original.printArray();

is_numeric (np_test_1_all.cpp:7511)

    std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
}

void testNumericConversionStringTypes() {
    std::cout << "========= testNumericStringOperationsStringTypes =======================";

    str32 num_str1("123.45");
    str32 num_str2("67.89");
    str32 not_num("hello");

    // std::cout << "String '" << num_str1 << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(num_str1) << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "String '" << not_num << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(not_num) << std::endl;

    if (is_numeric(num_str1)) {
        double val1 = to_numeric(num_str1);
        // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str1 << "': " << val1 << std::endl;
    }

    if (is_numeric(num_str2)) {
        double val2 = to_numeric(num_str2);
        // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str2 << "': " << val2 << std::endl;

argmax (np_test_3_all.cpp:20521)

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmax_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmax() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0 - largest
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmax(arr);
    // Should return 0 (index of (3,1))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmax() failed: expected index 0");
    }

argmin (np_test_3_all.cpp:20506)

    if (min_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || min_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 1.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("min() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,1)");
    }
    if (max_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || max_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 5.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("max() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,5)");
    }
    std::cout << "PASSED\n";
}

void test_argmin_complex128() {
    std::cout << "  Testing argmin() with complex128... ";
    numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
    arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0
    arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1 - smallest
    arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2

    auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
    // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
    if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
        throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
    }

clone (np_test_1_all.cpp:24942)

      }

      // Test reproducibility
      numpy::random::PCG64DXSM rng2(11111);
      if (rng2.next_uint64() != val) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : not reproducible";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
      }

      // Test clone
      auto cloned = rng.clone();
      if (cloned->name() != "PCG64DXSM") {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : clone name incorrect";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // PHILOX TESTS

diff (np_test_2_all.cpp:4947)

      // Test matrix addition and subtraction
      numpy::Matrix<double> a("1 2; 3 4");
      numpy::Matrix<double> b("5 6; 7 8");

      auto sum = a + b;
      assert_test(std::abs(sum(0, 0) - 6.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");
      assert_test(std::abs(sum(1, 1) - 12.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");

      auto diff = b - a;
      assert_test(std::abs(diff(0, 0) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");
      assert_test(std::abs(diff(1, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");

      // Test matrix multiplication (not element-wise!)
      auto product = a * b;
      assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 0) - 19.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,0");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 1) - 22.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,1");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 0) - 43.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,0");
      assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 1) - 50.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,1");

      // Test scalar multiplication

format (main.cpp:22)

int main() {
  // Automatically log all output to temp/test_output.log
  numpy::TestLogger logger("temp/test_output.log");

  int res = 0;
  int res1 = 0;
  std::string resS = "";

  // call all the tests
  res1 = numpy_tests::np_test_main();
  resS += std::format("             np_test_main: {}  errors\n", res1);
  res += res1;

  std::cout << "\n------------------------- main --------------------------------------------\n";
  std::cout << std::endl << "All tests completed. Nb errors = " << res << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Details: \n" << resS;
  std::cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n";
  return res;
}

join (np_test_5_all.cpp:1341)

    // ============================================================================

    void np_test_string_join() {
      std::cout << "========= join operation =======================";

      // Join takes a separator string and vector of CharArrays
      std::vector<numpy::CharArray<32>> arrays;
      arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "a", "b", "c" }));
      arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "x", "y", "z" }));

      auto result = numpy::char_::join("-", arrays);

      bool passed = true;

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_string_join() : join operation failed";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_string_join failed");
      }

      std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
    }

operations (np_test_1_all.cpp:26345)

          {"value", numpy::DType::FLOAT64}
      };
      auto dtype = std::make_shared<numpy::StructuredDType>(fields);
      numpy::RecordArray arr(dtype, { 2 });

      arr.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "id", numpy::int32(1));
      arr.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "value", numpy::float64(10.5));
      arr.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "id", numpy::int32(2));
      arr.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "value", numpy::float64(20.5));

      // Test basic comparison operations (indirectly tests createComparisonValue)
      auto rec0 = arr.getRecord({ 0 });
      auto rec1 = arr.getRecord({ 1 });

      // Verify records are different (basic comparison test)
      bool passed = true;  // If we can get records without error, comparison values work

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_recarray_createComparisonValue() : Create comparison value failed";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_recarray_createComparisonValue failed");
      }

operations (np_test_1_all.cpp:26345)

          {"value", numpy::DType::FLOAT64}
      };
      auto dtype = std::make_shared<numpy::StructuredDType>(fields);
      numpy::RecordArray arr(dtype, { 2 });

      arr.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "id", numpy::int32(1));
      arr.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "value", numpy::float64(10.5));
      arr.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "id", numpy::int32(2));
      arr.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "value", numpy::float64(20.5));

      // Test basic comparison operations (indirectly tests createComparisonValue)
      auto rec0 = arr.getRecord({ 0 });
      auto rec1 = arr.getRecord({ 1 });

      // Verify records are different (basic comparison test)
      bool passed = true;  // If we can get records without error, comparison values work

      if (!passed) {
        std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_recarray_createComparisonValue() : Create comparison value failed";
        throw std::runtime_error("np_test_recarray_createComparisonValue failed");
      }

ordered (np_test_2_all.cpp:8640)

          if (indices.size() != n) {
            std::cout << "   IPP large lexsort:                                                                      -> [FAIL]";
            throw std::runtime_error("IPP large lexsort: FAILED - incorrect result size");
          }

          // Verify sorting correctness
          for (size_t i = 1; i < indices.size(); ++i) {
            size_t prev_idx = indices[i - 1];
            size_t curr_idx = indices[i];

            // Check if correctly ordered (second key primary)
            if (keys[1][curr_idx] < keys[1][prev_idx] ||
              (keys[1][curr_idx] == keys[1][prev_idx] && keys[0][curr_idx] < keys[0][prev_idx])) {
              std::cout << "   IPP large lexsort order:                                                                -> [FAIL]";
              throw std::runtime_error("IPP large lexsort: FAILED - incorrect ordering");
            }
          }

          auto duration_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count();
          // std::cout << "[OK] IPP large lexsort (" << n << " elements): PASSED in " << duration_us << " μs" << std::endl;
        }

ordered (np_test_2_all.cpp:8640)

          if (indices.size() != n) {
            std::cout << "   IPP large lexsort:                                                                      -> [FAIL]";
            throw std::runtime_error("IPP large lexsort: FAILED - incorrect result size");
          }

          // Verify sorting correctness
          for (size_t i = 1; i < indices.size(); ++i) {
            size_t prev_idx = indices[i - 1];
            size_t curr_idx = indices[i];

            // Check if correctly ordered (second key primary)
            if (keys[1][curr_idx] < keys[1][prev_idx] ||
              (keys[1][curr_idx] == keys[1][prev_idx] && keys[0][curr_idx] < keys[0][prev_idx])) {
              std::cout << "   IPP large lexsort order:                                                                -> [FAIL]";
              throw std::runtime_error("IPP large lexsort: FAILED - incorrect ordering");
            }
          }

          auto duration_us = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count();
          // std::cout << "[OK] IPP large lexsort (" << n << " elements): PASSED in " << duration_us << " μs" << std::endl;
        }

shift (np_test_1_all.cpp:2761)

        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }

    // std::cout << "[OK] Left shift by array\n";

    // Test excessive shift (should result in 0)
    auto excessive_left = left_shift(arr, 20); // More than 16 bits
    if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);
    }
    if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)) {
        std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)";
        std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
        throw std::runtime_error(description);

value (np_test_1_all.cpp:7786)

}

void testFloat16PrecisionFloat16() {
    std::cout << "========= testFloat16PrecisionFloat16 =======================";

    // Test precision limits
    float16 small_val(0.0001f);
    float16 large_val(30000.0f);
    float16 very_small(1e-8f);  // This might underflow to zero

    // std::cout << "Small value (0.0001): " << small_val << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Large value (30000): " << large_val << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Very small value (1e-8): " << very_small << std::endl;

    // Test conversion accuracy
    float original = 1.234f;
    float16 converted(original);
    float back_converted = static_cast<float>(converted);

    // std::cout << "Original float: " << std::setprecision(10) << original << std::endl;
    // std::cout << "Float16 version: " << converted << std::endl;