IntervalIndex
=============

.. cpp:class:: numpy::IntervalIndex

   numpy C++ class.

Example
-------

.. code-block:: cpp

   #include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
   using namespace numpy;

   // Use IntervalIndex
   IntervalIndex obj;
   // ... operations ...

Constructors
------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 55 25 20
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``explicit IntervalIndex(const IntervalArray<T>& array, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - df_interval_index.h:124
     - 
   * - ``explicit IntervalIndex(IntervalArray<T>&& array, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - df_interval_index.h:133
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex(const IntervalIndex& other)``
     - df_interval_index.h:142
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex(IntervalIndex&& other) noexcept = default``
     - df_interval_index.h:150
     - 

Construction
------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``static IntervalIndex from_arrays( const std::vector<T>& left, const std::vector<T>& right, IntervalClosed closed = IntervalClosed::Right, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - static IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:175
     - 
   * - ``static IntervalIndex from_arrays( const numpy::NDArray<T>& left, const numpy::NDArray<T>& right, IntervalClosed closed = IntervalClosed::Right, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - static IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:188
     - 
   * - ``static IntervalIndex from_breaks( const std::vector<T>& breaks, IntervalClosed closed = IntervalClosed::Right, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - static IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:201
     - 
   * - ``static IntervalIndex from_breaks( const numpy::NDArray<T>& breaks, IntervalClosed closed = IntervalClosed::Right, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - static IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:213
     - 
   * - ``static IntervalIndex from_tuples( const std::vector<std::pair<T, T>>& tuples, IntervalClosed closed = IntervalClosed::Right, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - static IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:225
     - 

Indexing / Selection
--------------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``get_indexer_non_unique(const IntervalIndex& target) const``
     - 
     - df_interval_index.h:1006
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex get_level_values(int level = 0) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1279
     - 
   * - ``size_t get_slice_bound(const std::pair<T, T>& label, const std::string& side = "left") const``
     - size_t
     - df_interval_index.h:932
     - 
   * - ``std::string get_value_str(size_t index) const override``
     - std::string
     - df_interval_index.h:475
     - 
   * - ``std::pair<T, T> item() const``
     - std::pair<T, T>
     - df_interval_index.h:652
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-item-0>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex putmask(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& mask, const std::pair<T, T>& value) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1206
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-putmask-1>`
   * - ``size_t searchsorted(const std::pair<T, T>& value, const std::string& side = "left") const``
     - size_t
     - df_interval_index.h:1041
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-searchsorted-2>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex where(const numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>& cond, const std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>& other = std::nullopt) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1179
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-where-3>`

Shape Manipulation
------------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``IntervalIndex ravel() const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:803
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-ravel-4>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex transpose() const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:819
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-transpose-5>`

Statistics
----------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``std::optional<std::pair<T, T>> max(bool skipna = true) const``
     - std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>
     - df_interval_index.h:554
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-max-6>`
   * - ``std::optional<std::pair<T, T>> min(bool skipna = true) const``
     - std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>
     - df_interval_index.h:543
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-min-7>`

Sorting
-------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``IntervalIndex sort(bool ascending = true) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1070
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-sort-8>`
   * - ``std::pair<IntervalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>> sortlevel( int level = 0, bool ascending = true) const``
     - std::pair<IntervalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>
     - df_interval_index.h:1081
     - 

Math Operations
---------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``IntervalIndex round(int decimals = 0) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1249
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-round-9>`

Logical
-------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``bool all(bool skipna = true) const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:511
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-all-10>`
   * - ``bool any(bool skipna = true) const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:529
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-any-11>`

I/O
---

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``IntervalIndex to_flat_index() const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:826
     - 
   * - ``FrameData to_frame(bool index = true, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt) const``
     - FrameData
     - df_interval_index.h:1468
     - 
   * - ``std::vector<std::pair<T, T>> to_numpy() const``
     - std::vector<std::pair<T, T>>
     - df_interval_index.h:838
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-to_numpy-12>`
   * - ``SeriesData to_series(const std::optional<IntervalIndex>& index = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt) const``
     - SeriesData
     - df_interval_index.h:1535
     - 
   * - ``std::string to_string() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_interval_index.h:441
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-to_string-13>`
   * - ``std::vector<std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>> to_tuples() const``
     - std::vector<std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>>
     - df_interval_index.h:416
     - 
   * - ``std::vector<std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>> tolist() const``
     - std::vector<std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>>
     - df_interval_index.h:858
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-tolist-14>`

Joining / Splitting
-------------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``IntervalIndex insert(size_t loc, const std::pair<T, T>& item) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:673
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-insert-15>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex repeat(size_t repeats) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:784
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-repeat-16>`

Type Handling
-------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``IntervalIndex astype(const std::string& dtype) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1309
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-astype-17>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex copy() const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:498
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-copy-18>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex view() const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:811
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-view-19>`

Type Checking
-------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``bool is\_(const IntervalIndex& other) const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:1300
     - 
   * - ``bool is_boolean() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:595
     - 
   * - ``bool is_categorical() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:602
     - 
   * - ``BooleanArray is_empty() const``
     - BooleanArray
     - df_interval_index.h:309
     - 
   * - ``bool is_floating() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:609
     - 
   * - ``bool is_integer() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:616
     - 
   * - ``bool is_interval() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:588
     - 
   * - ``bool is_left_closed() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:288
     - 
   * - ``bool is_non_overlapping_monotonic() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:336
     - 
   * - ``bool is_numeric() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:623
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-is_numeric-20>`
   * - ``bool is_object() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:630
     - 
   * - ``bool is_overlapping() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:321
     - 
   * - ``bool is_right_closed() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:295
     - 

Other Methods
-------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``numpy::int64 argmax() const``
     - numpy::int64
     - df_interval_index.h:570
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-argmax-21>`
   * - ``numpy::int64 argmin() const``
     - numpy::int64
     - df_interval_index.h:563
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-argmin-22>`
   * - ``std::optional<std::pair<T, T>> asof(T where) const``
     - std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>
     - df_interval_index.h:887
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> asof_locs(const numpy::NDArray<T>& where) const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_interval_index.h:906
     - 
   * - ``std::unique_ptr<IndexBase> clone() const override``
     - std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>
     - df_interval_index.h:434
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-clone-23>`
   * - ``IntervalClosed closed() const``
     - IntervalClosed
     - df_interval_index.h:274
     - 
   * - ``std::string closed_string() const``
     - std::string
     - df_interval_index.h:281
     - 
   * - ``void compute_is_overlapping() const``
     - void
     - df_interval_index.h:54
     - 
   * - ``BooleanArray contains(T value) const``
     - BooleanArray
     - df_interval_index.h:353
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-contains-24>`
   * - ``BooleanArray contains(const numpy::NDArray<T>& values) const``
     - BooleanArray
     - df_interval_index.h:363
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-contains-25>`
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<T> diff(int64_t periods = 1) const``
     - numpy::NDArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:698
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-diff-26>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex droplevel(int level = 0) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1291
     - 
   * - ``std::vector<std::string> format(bool na_rep_as_string = true) const``
     - std::vector<std::string>
     - df_interval_index.h:867
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-format-27>`
   * - ``std::unordered_map<GroupKey, std::vector<size_t>> groupby(KeyFunc key_func) const``
     - std::unordered_map<GroupKey, std::vector<size_t>>
     - df_interval_index.h:1340
     - 
   * - ``std::unordered_map<GroupT, std::vector<size_t>> groupby( const std::vector<GroupT>& values) const``
     - std::unordered_map<GroupT, std::vector<size_t>>
     - df_interval_index.h:1370
     - 
   * - ``bool holds_integer() const``
     - bool
     - df_interval_index.h:581
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> indexer(std::vector<size_t>``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_interval_index.h:1007
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> indexer(std::vector<size_t>``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_interval_index.h:1115
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex infer_objects() const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1240
     - 
   * - ``std::string inferred_type() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_interval_index.h:427
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex join(const IntervalIndex& other, const std::string& how = "left") const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1409
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-join-28>`
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<T> left() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:241
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-left-29>`
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<T> length() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:263
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-length-30>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex map(Func mapper) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1156
     - 
   * - ``size_t memory_usage(bool deep = false) const``
     - size_t
     - df_interval_index.h:643
     - 
   * - ``FloatingArray<numpy::float64> mid() const``
     - FloatingArray<numpy::float64>
     - df_interval_index.h:256
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> missing(std::vector<size_t>``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_interval_index.h:1008
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:689
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:775
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:795
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:1099
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:1142
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:1169
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:1196
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:1223
     - 
   * - ``IntervalArray<T> new_array(values, this->closed())``
     - IntervalArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:1269
     - 
   * - ``BooleanArray overlaps(T other_left, T other_right) const``
     - BooleanArray
     - df_interval_index.h:374
     - 
   * - ``BooleanArray overlaps(T other_left, T other_right, IntervalClosed other_closed) const``
     - BooleanArray
     - df_interval_index.h:386
     - 
   * - ``std::pair<IntervalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>> reindex( const IntervalIndex& target) const``
     - std::pair<IntervalIndex, numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>>
     - df_interval_index.h:1112
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex rename(const std::optional<std::string>& new_name) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:489
     - 
   * - ``std::string repr() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_interval_index.h:468
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex result(\*this)``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:490
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-result-31>`
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<T> right() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<T>
     - df_interval_index.h:248
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-right-32>`
   * - ``IntervalIndex set_closed(IntervalClosed new_closed) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:400
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex set_closed(const std::string& new_closed) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:408
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex set_names(const std::optional<std::string>& names) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:1232
     - 
   * - ``IntervalIndex shift(int64_t periods = 1) const``
     - IntervalIndex
     - df_interval_index.h:747
     - :ref:`View <example-intervalindex-shift-33>`
   * - ``std::vector<size_t> slice_indexer( const std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>& end = std::nullopt, size_t step = 1) const``
     - std::vector<size_t>
     - df_interval_index.h:985
     - 
   * - ``std::pair<size_t, size_t> slice_locs( const std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>& start = std::nullopt, const std::optional<std::pair<T, T>>& end = std::nullopt) const``
     - std::pair<size_t, size_t>
     - df_interval_index.h:952
     - 


Code Examples
-------------

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

.. _example-intervalindex-item-0:

.. dropdown:: item (np_test_4_all.cpp:20048)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 20038
      :emphasize-lines: 11

       
      /**
       * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
       * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
       *
       * Tests:
       * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
       * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
       * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
       * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
       * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
       * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
       * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
       *
       * Created: 2025-10-28
       * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
       */
      
      #include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"
      #include "../numpy/np_masked_array.h"
      #include <iostream>

.. _example-intervalindex-putmask-1:

.. dropdown:: putmask (np_test_5_all.cpp:4659)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 4649
      :emphasize-lines: 11

            mask.setElementAt({ 1 }, false);
            mask.setElementAt({ 2 }, true);
            mask.setElementAt({ 3 }, false);
            mask.setElementAt({ 4 }, true);
      
            // Create value array
            numpy::NDArray<int32_t> values({ 1 });
            values.setElementAt({ 0 }, 99);
      
            // Apply putmask
            numpy::putmask(arr, mask, values);
      
            // Expected: [99, 2, 99, 4, 99]
            if (arr.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 2 ||
              arr.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 99 || arr.getElementAt({ 3 }) != 4 ||
              arr.getElementAt({ 4 }) != 99) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_putmask() : Incorrect result";
              throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
            }
      
            // Test with multiple values

.. _example-intervalindex-searchsorted-2:

.. dropdown:: searchsorted (np_test_2_all.cpp:8204)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 8194
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
            // Test missing NumPy functions
            void test_numpy_functions() {
              std::cout << "========= NumPy Functions Test ==========================";
      
              // Test searchsorted
              {
                std::vector<int> sorted_arr = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
                std::vector<int> values = { 2, 6, 8 };
      
                auto result = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "left");
                std::vector<size_t> expected = { 1, 3, 4 };
      
                if (result != expected) {
                  std::cout << "   searchsorted (left):                                                                   -> [FAIL]";
                  throw std::runtime_error("searchsorted (left): FAILED - incorrect result indices");
                }
                // std::cout << "[OK] searchsorted (left): PASSED" << std::endl;
      
                auto result_right = numpy::searchsorted(sorted_arr, values, "right");
                std::vector<size_t> expected_right = { 1, 3, 4 };

.. _example-intervalindex-where-3:

.. dropdown:: where (np_test_3_all.cpp:15253)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 15243
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
            auto y_data = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
            y_data.setElementAt({ 0 }, 100);
            y_data.setElementAt({ 1 }, 200);
            y_data.setElementAt({ 2 }, 300);
            y_data.setElementAt({ 3 }, 400);
      
            auto y_mask = createBoolArray({ 4 }, false);
            MaskedArray<int32> y(y_data, y_mask, -999);
      
            // Test where() selection
            auto result = where(condition, x, y);
      
            if (!(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)) {
                std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 10)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)) {
                std::string description = std::string("test_where_selection():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 200)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

.. _example-intervalindex-ravel-4:

.. dropdown:: ravel (np_test_1_all.cpp:4082)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 4072
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          std::cout << "Testing ravel function...\n";
      
          // Test with 2-D array
          auto arr_2d = createFloat64Array({ 2, 3 });
          for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
              for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
                  arr_2d.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<double>(i * 3 + j));
              }
          }
      
          auto raveled = ravel(arr_2d);
          if (!(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))) {
              std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(raveled.getShape() == std::vector<size_t>({ 6 }))";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      
          for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
              if (!(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))) {
                  std::string description = std::string("testRavelFunction():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isApproxEqualExt(raveled.getElementAt({ i }), static_cast<double>(i)))";
                  std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

.. _example-intervalindex-transpose-5:

.. dropdown:: transpose (np_test_2_all.cpp:4973)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 4963
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          }
      
          /**
           * Test matrix properties and methods
           */
          void testMatrixProperties() {
            std::cout << "========= testMatrixProperties =======================";
      
            // Test transpose
            numpy::Matrix<double> m("1 2 3; 4 5 6");
            auto mt = m.transpose();
            assert_test(mt.rows() == 3, "Transpose rows");
            assert_test(mt.cols() == 2, "Transpose cols");
            assert_test(std::abs(mt(0, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");
            assert_test(std::abs(mt(2, 0) - 3.0) < 1e-10, "Transpose element");
      
            // Test trace for square matrix
            numpy::Matrix<double> square("1 2; 3 4");
            double tr = square.trace();
            assert_test(std::abs(tr - 5.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix trace");
      

.. _example-intervalindex-max-6:

.. dropdown:: max (np_test_1_all.cpp:7274)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 7264
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
          if (sizeof(uintp) == sizeof(void*)) {
              // std::cout << "                -> uintp size matches pointer size";
          } else {
              // std::cout << "  ✗ uintp size doesn't match pointer size" << std::endl;
          }
      
          // Test range limits
          // std::cout << "Range Information:" << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "  intp min: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::min() << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "  intp max: " << std::numeric_limits<intp>::max() << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "  uintp max: " << std::numeric_limits<uintp>::max() << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "  longdouble digits: " << std::numeric_limits<longdouble>::digits << std::endl;
      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes() {
          std::cout << "========= testComplexArithmeticExtendedTypes =======================";
      
          clongdouble c1(3.0L, 4.0L);  // 3 + 4i

.. _example-intervalindex-min-7:

.. dropdown:: min (np_test_1_all.cpp:2350)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 2340
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              if (i % 3 == 0) {
                  large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<int>(i)));
              } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
                  large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(static_cast<double>(i) * 0.5));
              } else {
                  large_array.setElementAt({i}, object_(std::string("str") + std::to_string(i)));
              }
          }
      
          // Verify pattern
          for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(large_size, size_t(100)); ++i) {  // Check first 100
              object_ obj = large_array.getElementAt({i});
              if (i % 3 == 0) {
                  if (!(obj.is_type<int>())) {
                      std::string description = std::string("testArrayEdgeCases():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<int>())";
                      std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                      throw std::runtime_error(description);
                  }
              } else if (i % 3 == 1) {
                  if (!(obj.is_type<double>())) {
                      std::string description = std::string("unknown_function():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(obj.is_type<double>())";

.. _example-intervalindex-sort-8:

.. dropdown:: sort (np_test_1_all.cpp:6258)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 6248
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(100, DataPattern::FEW_UNIQUE);
      
          if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      
          // Count unique values
          std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
          std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
          auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
          size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);
      
          // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
          if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      

.. _example-intervalindex-round-9:

.. dropdown:: round (np_test_1_all.cpp:23769)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 23759
      :emphasize-lines: 11

                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(power_scalar_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            // std::cout << "[OK] Power functions have correct signatures\n";
      
            // Test rounding functions with new decimals parameter
            auto round_result = round(array);        // Default decimals=0
            auto round_decimals_result = round(array, 2);  // With decimals
            if (!(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())) {
                std::string description = std::string("testMathFunctionSignatures():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(round_decimals_result.getShape() == array.getShape())";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);

.. _example-intervalindex-all-10:

.. dropdown:: all (np_test_4_all.cpp:23928)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 23918
      :emphasize-lines: 11

                              }
                          }
                      }
      
                      auto result = numpy::einsum<numpy::float64>("ijk->ik", {A});
      
                      if (result.getShape()[0] != 2 || result.getShape()[1] != 2) {
                          throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum shape wrong");
                      }
      
                      // Sum over j: 1+2+3 = 6 for all (i,k) positions
                      if (std::abs(result.getElementAt({0, 0}) - 6.0) > 1e-10 ||
                          std::abs(result.getElementAt({1, 1}) - 6.0) > 1e-10) {
                          throw std::runtime_error("einsum partial sum values wrong");
                      }
      
                      // std::cout << "  OK: Partial sum: 'ijk->ik'\n";
                  }
      
                  // Test 5: Size-1 dimension handling
                  {

.. _example-intervalindex-any-11:

.. dropdown:: any (np_test_2_all.cpp:16758)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 16748
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          // ANY() TESTS - SCALAR RESULT
          // ============================================================================
      
          void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() {
            std::cout << "========= any: all false elements =======================";
      
            // Create array with all false/zero elements
            std::vector<double> data = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
            numpy::NDArray<double> arr = numpy::createArrayFromVector<double>({ 3 }, data);
      
            bool result = numpy::any(arr);
      
            if (result != false) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false() : expected false for all-zero array";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_false failed: expected false");
            }
      
            std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
          }
      
          void np_test_logic_any_scalar_all_true() {

.. _example-intervalindex-to_numpy-12:

.. dropdown:: to_numpy (np_test_5_all.cpp:21373)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 21363
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          if (errors == 0) {
              std::cout << "np_test_timedelta_components -> tests passed" << std::endl;
          }
          return errors;
      }
      
      // =============================================================================
      // Test 4: Total Conversion Properties
      // =============================================================================
      int np_test_timedelta_total_conversions() {
          int errors = 0;
      
          numpy::Timedelta td(1, 12, 0);  // 1 day 12 hours = 1.5 days = 36 hours
      
          // total_seconds
          {
              double secs = td.total_seconds();
              double expected = (24 + 12) * 3600.0;
              if (std::abs(secs - expected) > 0.0001) {
                  std::cout << "[FAIL] np_test_timedelta_total_conversions: total_seconds expected "
                            << expected << ", got " << secs << std::endl;

.. _example-intervalindex-to_string-13:

.. dropdown:: to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 444
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          // Modify through different views
          view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
          view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
          view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original
      
          // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
          //original.printArray();
      
          // Verify all changes are reflected
          if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

.. _example-intervalindex-tolist-14:

.. dropdown:: tolist (np_test_4_all.cpp:20046)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 20036
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
      } // namespace numpy_tests
       
      /**
       * @file np_test_phase6.cpp
       * @brief Test suite for Phase 6A - HIGH PRIORITY NDArray methods and masked array utilities
       *
       * Tests:
       * - ndarray.nonzero() - Return indices of non-zero elements
       * - ndarray.tobytes() - Convert to bytes representation
       * - ndarray.tolist() - Convert to nested list string
       * - ndarray.fill() - Fill with scalar value (in-place)
       * - ndarray.item() - Get single element as scalar
       * - ndarray.itemset() - Set single element value
       * - ma.masked_all_like() - Create masked array with all elements masked
       *
       * Created: 2025-10-28
       * Status: Phase 6A Implementation - HIGH PRIORITY functions
       */
      
      #include "../numpy/np_ndarray.h"

.. _example-intervalindex-insert-15:

.. dropdown:: insert (np_test_1_all.cpp:6990)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 6980
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      }
      
      void testBusinessDateRangeDateTime() {
          std::cout << "========= testBusinessDateRangeDateTime =======================";
      
          datetime64 start("2024-03-11");  // Monday
          datetime64 end("2024-03-22");    // Friday (2 weeks later)
      
          // Create holidays set
          std::set<datetime64> holidays;
          holidays.insert(datetime64("2024-03-15"));  // Friday holiday
      
          auto business_dates = createBusinessDateRange(start, end, holidays);
          // std::cout << "Business dates from " << start.toString()
                    // << " to " << end.toString() << " (excluding 2024-03-15):" << std::endl;
          //business_dates.printArray();
      
              std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void testMonthRangeDateTime() {

.. _example-intervalindex-repeat-16:

.. dropdown:: repeat (np_test_1_all.cpp:18268)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 18258
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
          // Create test array
          auto array = createInt32Array({ 2, 3 }, 0);
          for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
            for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
              array.setElementAt({ i, j }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j + 1));
            }
          }
      
          // Test repeat without axis (flattened)
          auto repeated_flat = repeat(array, 2);
          if (!(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getShape()[0] == 12)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testRepeat():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(repeated_flat.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }

.. _example-intervalindex-astype-17:

.. dropdown:: astype (np_test_3_all.cpp:796)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 786
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              auto ufunc_square = numpy::frompyfunc(square, 1, 1);
      
              numpy::NDArray<double> arr({ 3 });
              arr.setElementAt({ 0 }, 2.0);
              arr.setElementAt({ 1 }, 3.0);
              arr.setElementAt({ 2 }, 4.0);
      
              auto result = ufunc_square(arr);
      
              // Convert back to double to check values
              auto typed_result = numpy::astype<double>(result);
              if (std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) - 4.0) > 1e-10 ||
                std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 1 }) - 9.0) > 1e-10 ||
                std::abs(typed_result.getElementAt({ 2 }) - 16.0) > 1e-10) {
                std::cout << "[FAIL] Basic frompyfunc creation failed";
                return 1;
              }
      
              // std::cout << "[OK] Basic frompyfunc creation works correctly" << std::endl;
              std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
              return 0;

.. _example-intervalindex-copy-18:

.. dropdown:: copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 9802
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          //original.printArray();
      
          // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
          if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";
      
          // Test slice copy (should be independent)
          auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
          // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
          //slice_copy.printArray();
      
          slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);
      
          // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
          //original.printArray();
          // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

.. _example-intervalindex-view-19:

.. dropdown:: view (np_test_1_all.cpp:440)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 430
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
              for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
                  original.setElementAt({i, j}, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 3 + j));
              }
          }
      
          // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
          //original.printArray();
      
          // Create multiple views
          auto view1 = original.view();
          auto view2 = original.transposeView();
          auto view3 = original.sliceView({{1, 3}, {1, 3}});
      
          // Modify through different views
          view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
          view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
          view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original
      
          // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
          //original.printArray();

.. _example-intervalindex-is_numeric-20:

.. dropdown:: is_numeric (np_test_1_all.cpp:7511)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 7501
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void testNumericConversionStringTypes() {
          std::cout << "========= testNumericStringOperationsStringTypes =======================";
      
          str32 num_str1("123.45");
          str32 num_str2("67.89");
          str32 not_num("hello");
      
          // std::cout << "String '" << num_str1 << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(num_str1) << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "String '" << not_num << "' is numeric: " << is_numeric(not_num) << std::endl;
      
          if (is_numeric(num_str1)) {
              double val1 = to_numeric(num_str1);
              // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str1 << "': " << val1 << std::endl;
          }
      
          if (is_numeric(num_str2)) {
              double val2 = to_numeric(num_str2);
              // std::cout << "Numeric value of '" << num_str2 << "': " << val2 << std::endl;

.. _example-intervalindex-argmax-21:

.. dropdown:: argmax (np_test_3_all.cpp:20521)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 20511
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
          auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
          // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
          if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
              throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
          }
          std::cout << "PASSED\n";
      }
      
      void test_argmax_complex128() {
          std::cout << "  Testing argmax() with complex128... ";
          numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
          arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0 - largest
          arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1
          arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2
      
          auto result = numpy::argmax(arr);
          // Should return 0 (index of (3,1))
          if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 0) {
              throw std::runtime_error("argmax() failed: expected index 0");
          }

.. _example-intervalindex-argmin-22:

.. dropdown:: argmin (np_test_3_all.cpp:20506)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 20496
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          if (min_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || min_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 1.0) {
              throw std::runtime_error("min() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,1)");
          }
          if (max_result.getElementAt({0}).real() != 2.0 || max_result.getElementAt({0}).imag() != 5.0) {
              throw std::runtime_error("max() tie-breaking failed: expected (2,5)");
          }
          std::cout << "PASSED\n";
      }
      
      void test_argmin_complex128() {
          std::cout << "  Testing argmin() with complex128... ";
          numpy::NDArray<complex128> arr({3});
          arr.setElementAt({0}, complex128(3.0, 1.0));  // index 0
          arr.setElementAt({1}, complex128(1.0, 5.0));  // index 1 - smallest
          arr.setElementAt({2}, complex128(2.0, 2.0));  // index 2
      
          auto result = numpy::argmin(arr);
          // Should return 1 (index of (1,5))
          if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 1) {
              throw std::runtime_error("argmin() failed: expected index 1");
          }

.. _example-intervalindex-clone-23:

.. dropdown:: clone (np_test_1_all.cpp:24942)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 24932
      :emphasize-lines: 11

            }
      
            // Test reproducibility
            numpy::random::PCG64DXSM rng2(11111);
            if (rng2.next_uint64() != val) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : not reproducible";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
            }
      
            // Test clone
            auto cloned = rng.clone();
            if (cloned->name() != "PCG64DXSM") {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : clone name incorrect";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
            }
      
            std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
          }
      
          // ============================================================================
          // PHILOX TESTS

.. _example-intervalindex-contains-24:

.. dropdown:: contains (np_test_2_all.cpp:10521)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 10511
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
            auto npz_file = load_npz(TEMP_DIR + "test_multiple.npz");
      
            // Verify keys
            auto keys = npz_file.keys();
            if (!(keys.size() == 3)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(keys.size() == 3)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("integers"))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"integers\"))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("floats"))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"floats\"))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("complex_nums"))) {

.. _example-intervalindex-contains-25:

.. dropdown:: contains (np_test_2_all.cpp:10521)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 10511
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
            auto npz_file = load_npz(TEMP_DIR + "test_multiple.npz");
      
            // Verify keys
            auto keys = npz_file.keys();
            if (!(keys.size() == 3)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(keys.size() == 3)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("integers"))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"integers\"))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("floats"))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"floats\"))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("complex_nums"))) {

.. _example-intervalindex-diff-26:

.. dropdown:: diff (np_test_2_all.cpp:4947)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 4937
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
            // Test matrix addition and subtraction
            numpy::Matrix<double> a("1 2; 3 4");
            numpy::Matrix<double> b("5 6; 7 8");
      
            auto sum = a + b;
            assert_test(std::abs(sum(0, 0) - 6.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");
            assert_test(std::abs(sum(1, 1) - 12.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix addition");
      
            auto diff = b - a;
            assert_test(std::abs(diff(0, 0) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");
            assert_test(std::abs(diff(1, 1) - 4.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix subtraction");
      
            // Test matrix multiplication (not element-wise!)
            auto product = a * b;
            assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 0) - 19.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,0");
            assert_test(std::abs(product(0, 1) - 22.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 0,1");
            assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 0) - 43.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,0");
            assert_test(std::abs(product(1, 1) - 50.0) < 1e-10, "Matrix multiplication 1,1");
      
            // Test scalar multiplication

.. _example-intervalindex-format-27:

.. dropdown:: format (main.cpp:22)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 12
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      int main() {
        // Automatically log all output to temp/test_output.log
        numpy::TestLogger logger("temp/test_output.log");
      
        int res = 0;
        int res1 = 0;
        std::string resS = "";
      
        // call all the tests
        res1 = numpy_tests::np_test_main();
        resS += std::format("             np_test_main: {}  errors\n", res1);
        res += res1;
      
        std::cout << "\n------------------------- main --------------------------------------------\n";
        std::cout << std::endl << "All tests completed. Nb errors = " << res << std::endl;
        std::cout << "Details: \n" << resS;
        std::cout << "\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n";
        return res;
      }

.. _example-intervalindex-join-28:

.. dropdown:: join (np_test_5_all.cpp:1341)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 1331
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          // ============================================================================
      
          void np_test_string_join() {
            std::cout << "========= join operation =======================";
      
            // Join takes a separator string and vector of CharArrays
            std::vector<numpy::CharArray<32>> arrays;
            arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "a", "b", "c" }));
            arrays.push_back(numpy::char_::array<32>({ "x", "y", "z" }));
      
            auto result = numpy::char_::join("-", arrays);
      
            bool passed = true;
      
            if (!passed) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_string_join() : join operation failed";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_string_join failed");
            }
      
            std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
          }

.. _example-intervalindex-left-29:

.. dropdown:: left (np_test_1_all.cpp:21799)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 21789
      :emphasize-lines: 11

        }
      
        void testRecFunctionsJoin() {
          std::cout << "========= testRecFunctionsJoin =======================";
      
          auto dtype = std::make_shared<StructuredDType>(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, DType>>{
            {"key", DType::INT32},
            { "data", DType::FLOAT64 }
          });
      
          RecordArray left(dtype, { 3 });
          left.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(1));
          left.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "data", static_cast<float64>(10.0));
          left.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(2));
          left.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "data", static_cast<float64>(20.0));
          left.setFieldValue({ 2 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(3));
          left.setFieldValue({ 2 }, "data", static_cast<float64>(30.0));
      
          auto dtype2 = std::make_shared<StructuredDType>(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, DType>>{
            {"key", DType::INT32},
            { "info", DType::UNICODE32 }

.. _example-intervalindex-length-30:

.. dropdown:: length (np_test_1_all.cpp:7335)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 7325
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void testStringTruncationStringTypes() {
          std::cout << "========= testStringTruncationStringTypes =======================";
      
          // Test truncation behavior
          str8 small("This string is way too long for 8 characters");
          // std::cout << "Long string in str8: '" << small << "'" << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "Length: " << small.length() << " (max: " << str8::max_size << ")" << std::endl;
      
          str16 medium("This is a medium length string that should be truncated");
          // std::cout << "Medium string in str16: '" << medium << "'" << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "Length: " << medium.length() << " (max: " << str16::max_size << ")" << std::endl;
      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void testStringComparisonsStringTypes() {
          std::cout << "========= testStringComparisonsStringTypes =======================";

.. _example-intervalindex-result-31:

.. dropdown:: result (np_test_1_all.cpp:6090)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 6080
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "Timer restart test passed. Second: " << second_elapsed << " ms" << std::endl;
      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting() {
          std::cout << "========= test_benchmark_result_storage =======================";
      
          BenchmarkResult result("TestAlgorithm", 1000, 15.5, true, 4096);
      
          if (!(result.algorithm_name == "TestAlgorithm")) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.algorithm_name == \"TestAlgorithm\")";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(result.array_size == 1000)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.array_size == 1000)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);

.. _example-intervalindex-right-32:

.. dropdown:: right (np_test_1_all.cpp:21812)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 21802
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          left.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(2));
          left.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "data", static_cast<float64>(20.0));
          left.setFieldValue({ 2 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(3));
          left.setFieldValue({ 2 }, "data", static_cast<float64>(30.0));
      
          auto dtype2 = std::make_shared<StructuredDType>(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, DType>>{
            {"key", DType::INT32},
            { "info", DType::UNICODE32 }
          });
      
          RecordArray right(dtype2, { 3 });
          right.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(1));
          right.setFieldValue({ 0 }, "info", std::string("A"));
          right.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(2));
          right.setFieldValue({ 1 }, "info", std::string("B"));
          right.setFieldValue({ 2 }, "key", static_cast<int32>(4));
          right.setFieldValue({ 2 }, "info", std::string("D"));
      
          // std::cout << "Left array:" << std::endl;
          //left.printArray();
      

.. _example-intervalindex-shift-33:

.. dropdown:: shift (np_test_1_all.cpp:2761)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 2751
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(left_array.getElementAt({3}) == 16384)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      
          // std::cout << "[OK] Left shift by array\n";
      
          // Test excessive shift (should result in 0)
          auto excessive_left = left_shift(arr, 20); // More than 16 bits
          if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({0}) == 0)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testBitShifts():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(excessive_left.getElementAt({1}) == 0)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);