ExtensionIndex
==============

.. cpp:class:: numpy::ExtensionIndex

   numpy C++ class.

Example
-------

.. code-block:: cpp

   #include <numpy/np_ndarray.h>
   using namespace numpy;

   // Use ExtensionIndex
   ExtensionIndex obj;
   // ... operations ...

Constructors
------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 55 25 20
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``explicit ExtensionIndex(const ArrayType& array, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt, bool copy = false)``
     - df_extension_index.h:335
     - 
   * - ``explicit ExtensionIndex(ArrayType&& array, const std::optional<std::string>& name = std::nullopt)``
     - df_extension_index.h:346
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex(const ExtensionIndex& other)``
     - df_extension_index.h:356
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex(ExtensionIndex&& other) noexcept = default``
     - df_extension_index.h:370
     - 

Array Creation
--------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``bool empty() const override``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:408
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-empty-0>`

Indexing / Selection
--------------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_indexer( const ExtensionIndex<ArrayType>& target, const std::string& method = "") const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_extension_index.h:674
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> get_indexer_for( const std::vector<value_type>& values) const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_extension_index.h:707
     - 
   * - ``std::variant<size_t, std::vector<size_t>> get_loc(const value_type& key) const``
     - std::variant<size_t, std::vector<size_t>>
     - df_extension_index.h:654
     - 
   * - ``int64_t get_loc_str(const std::string& key_str) const override``
     - int64_t
     - df_extension_index.h:510
     - 
   * - ``std::string get_value_str(size_t index) const override``
     - std::string
     - df_extension_index.h:543
     - 
   * - ``oss << get_value_str(i)``
     - oss <<
     - df_extension_index.h:574
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex take(const std::vector<size_t>& indices) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:788
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-take-1>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex take_impl(const std::vector<size_t>& indices) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1452
     - 

Sorting
-------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> argsort(bool ascending = true) const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_extension_index.h:1279
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-argsort-2>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex sort_values(bool ascending = true) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1317
     - 

Linear Algebra
--------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``void invalidate_caches() const``
     - void
     - df_extension_index.h:195
     - 

Comparison
----------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``bool equals(const ExtensionIndex& other) const``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:1372
     - 

Set Operations
--------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isin(const std::vector<value_type>& values) const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_extension_index.h:807
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-isin-3>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex unique() const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:901
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-unique-4>`

I/O
---

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``std::vector<std::optional<value_type>> to_list() const``
     - std::vector<std::optional<value_type>>
     - df_extension_index.h:625
     - 
   * - ``std::string to_string() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_extension_index.h:567
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-to_string-5>`
   * - ``std::vector<std::string> to_string_vector() const override``
     - std::vector<std::string>
     - df_extension_index.h:531
     - 

Joining / Splitting
-------------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``ExtensionIndex append(const ExtensionIndex& other) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1107
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-append-6>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex delete\_(size_t loc) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:847
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-delete_-7>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex delete\_(const std::vector<size_t>& locs) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:865
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-delete_-8>`

Type Handling
-------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``ExtensionIndex copy() const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:885
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-copy-9>`

Type Checking
-------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``bool is_monotonic_decreasing() const``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:1265
     - 
   * - ``bool is_monotonic_increasing() const``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:1255
     - 
   * - ``bool is_unique() const override``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:466
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-is_unique-10>`

Other Methods
-------------

.. list-table::
   :widths: 40 20 15 25
   :header-rows: 1

   * - Signature
     - Return Type
     - Location
     - Example
   * - ``const ArrayType& array() const``
     - const ArrayType&
     - df_extension_index.h:618
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-array-11>`
   * - ``void build_hash_table() const``
     - void
     - df_extension_index.h:208
     - 
   * - ``size_t cache_memory_usage() const override``
     - size_t
     - df_extension_index.h:1431
     - 
   * - ``void clear_cache() const override``
     - void
     - df_extension_index.h:1409
     - 
   * - ``std::unique_ptr<IndexBase> clone() const override``
     - std::unique_ptr<IndexBase>
     - df_extension_index.h:560
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-clone-12>`
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64> codes(std::vector<size_t>``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>
     - df_extension_index.h:1069
     - 
   * - ``void compute_monotonicity() const``
     - void
     - df_extension_index.h:280
     - 
   * - ``bool contains(const value_type& key) const``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:643
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-contains-13>`
   * - ``bool contains_str(const std::string& key_str) const override``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:498
     - 
   * - ``value_type convert_from_string(const std::string& str) const``
     - value_type
     - df_extension_index.h:235
     - 
   * - ``std::string convert_to_string(const value_type& val) const``
     - std::string
     - df_extension_index.h:259
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex difference(const ExtensionIndex& other, bool sort = true) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1208
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-difference-14>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex drop(const std::vector<value_type>& labels) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:826
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex drop_duplicates(const std::string& keep = "first") const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:925
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex dropna() const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:777
     - 
   * - ``std::string dtype_name() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_extension_index.h:422
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-dtype_name-15>`
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> duplicated(const std::string& keep = "first") const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_extension_index.h:974
     - 
   * - ``void ensure_hash_table() const``
     - void
     - df_extension_index.h:226
     - 
   * - ``std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, ExtensionIndex> factorize() const``
     - std::pair<numpy::NDArray<numpy::int64>, ExtensionIndex>
     - df_extension_index.h:1066
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex fillna(const value_type& value) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:769
     - 
   * - ``bool has_cached_values() const override``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:1418
     - 
   * - ``bool has_duplicates() const override``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:484
     - 
   * - ``bool hasnans() const``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:760
     - 
   * - ``bool identical(const ExtensionIndex& other) const``
     - bool
     - df_extension_index.h:1395
     - 
   * - ``std::string inferred_type() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_extension_index.h:443
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex intersection(const ExtensionIndex& other, bool sort = false) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1115
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isna() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_extension_index.h:732
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> isnull() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_extension_index.h:739
     - 
   * - ``std::optional<std::string> name() const override``
     - std::optional<std::string>
     - df_extension_index.h:429
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-name-16>`
   * - ``size_t nbytes() const override``
     - size_t
     - df_extension_index.h:415
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-nbytes-17>`
   * - ``ArrayType new_array(values)``
     - ArrayType
     - df_extension_index.h:1470
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> notna() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_extension_index.h:746
     - 
   * - ``numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_> notnull() const``
     - numpy::NDArray<numpy::bool\_>
     - df_extension_index.h:753
     - 
   * - ``size_t nunique(bool dropna = true) const``
     - size_t
     - df_extension_index.h:1033
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex rename(const std::optional<std::string>& new_name) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:892
     - 
   * - ``std::string repr() const override``
     - std::string
     - df_extension_index.h:593
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex result(\*this)``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:893
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-result-18>`
   * - ``void set_name(const std::optional<std::string>& name) override``
     - void
     - df_extension_index.h:436
     - 
   * - ``size_t size() const override``
     - size_t
     - df_extension_index.h:401
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-size-19>`
   * - ``ExtensionIndex symmetric_difference(const ExtensionIndex& other, bool sort = false) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1236
     - 
   * - ``ExtensionIndex union\_(const ExtensionIndex& other, bool sort = false) const``
     - ExtensionIndex
     - df_extension_index.h:1148
     - 
   * - ``std::pair<std::vector<value_type>, std::vector<int64_t>> value_counts( bool dropna = true) const``
     - std::pair<std::vector<value_type>, std::vector<int64_t>>
     - df_extension_index.h:1047
     - 
   * - ``ArrayType values() const``
     - ArrayType
     - df_extension_index.h:611
     - :ref:`View <example-extensionindex-values-20>`


Code Examples
-------------

The following examples are extracted from the test suite.

.. _example-extensionindex-empty-0:

.. dropdown:: empty (np_test_1_all.cpp:6316)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 6306
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      }
      
      void test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting() {
          std::cout << "========= test_data_generator_empty =======================";
      
          DataGenerator<int> gen(42);
      
          // Test empty data generation
          std::vector<int> data = gen.generate(0, DataPattern::RANDOM);
      
          if (!(data.empty())) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_emptyBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.empty())";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      
          // std::cout << "Empty data generation test passed" << std::endl;
      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      

.. _example-extensionindex-take-1:

.. dropdown:: take (np_test_5_all.cpp:4313)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 4303
      :emphasize-lines: 11

            for (size_t i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
              arr.setElementAt({ i }, static_cast<int32_t>(i * 10));  // [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
            }
      
            // Take specific indices
            numpy::NDArray<size_t> indices({ 3 });
            indices.setElementAt({ 0 }, 5);  // 50
            indices.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);  // 20
            indices.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0);  // 0
      
            auto result = numpy::take(arr, indices);
      
            if (result.getSize() != 3) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong result size";
              throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
            }
      
            if (result.getElementAt({ 0 }) != 50 || result.getElementAt({ 1 }) != 20 || result.getElementAt({ 2 }) != 0) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_take_basic() : Wrong values extracted";
              throw std::runtime_error("Test failed");
            }

.. _example-extensionindex-argsort-2:

.. dropdown:: argsort (np_test_1_all.cpp:16841)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 16831
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          std::cout << "========= test_argsort =======================";
      
          // Test 1D array argsort
          NDArray<int> arr1d({ 5 });
          arr1d.setElementAt({ 0 }, 30);  // index 0
          arr1d.setElementAt({ 1 }, 10);  // index 1 
          arr1d.setElementAt({ 2 }, 40);  // index 2
          arr1d.setElementAt({ 3 }, 20);  // index 3
          arr1d.setElementAt({ 4 }, 50);  // index 4
      
          auto indices = argsort(arr1d);
      
          // Expected order: 10(idx1), 20(idx3), 30(idx0), 40(idx2), 50(idx4)
          if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_argsort():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(indices.getElementAt({ 1 }) == 3)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

.. _example-extensionindex-isin-3:

.. dropdown:: isin (np_test_1_all.cpp:19434)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 19424
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(membership.getElementAt({ 5 }) == false)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testMembershipOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(membership.getElementAt({ 5 }) == false)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] Membership testing (in1d) works correctly\n";
      
          // Test isin (alias for in1d)
          auto isin_result = isin(test_array, test_values);
      
          // Should be identical to in1d result
          for (size_t i = 0; i < membership.getSize(); ++i) {
            if (!(isin_result.getElementAt({ i }) == membership.getElementAt({ i }))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testMembershipOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(isin_result.getElementAt({ i }) == membership.getElementAt({ i }))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
          }

.. _example-extensionindex-unique-4:

.. dropdown:: unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:6259)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 6249
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
          if (!(data.size() == 100)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(data.size() == 100)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      
          // Count unique values
          std::vector<int> sorted_copy = data;
          std::sort(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
          auto unique_end = std::unique(sorted_copy.begin(), sorted_copy.end());
          size_t unique_count = std::distance(sorted_copy.begin(), unique_end);
      
          // Should have significantly fewer unique values than total elements
          if (!(unique_count < data.size() / 2)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_data_generator_few_uniqueBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(unique_count < data.size() / 2)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
      
          // std::cout << "Few unique data generation test passed. Unique values: " << unique_count << std::endl;

.. _example-extensionindex-to_string-5:

.. dropdown:: to_string (np_test_1_all.cpp:454)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 444
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          // Modify through different views
          view1.setElementAt({0, 0}, 100);
          view2.setElementAt({2, 1}, 200);  // This is (1, 2) in original
          view3.setElementAt({0, 0}, 300);  // This is (1, 1) in original
      
          // std::cout << "After modifications through multiple views:" << std::endl;
          //original.printArray();
      
          // Verify all changes are reflected
          if (!(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({0, 0}) == 100)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 2}) == 200)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testAdvancedViewLifecycle():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 300)";

.. _example-extensionindex-append-6:

.. dropdown:: append (np_test_2_all.cpp:7028)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 7018
      :emphasize-lines: 11

                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(deleted_dups.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 3)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            // std::cout << "[OK] Delete with duplicate indices works correctly\n";
      
            // Test append
            auto appended = append(array, 100);
            if (!(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getSize() == array.getSize() + 1)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testModificationOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(appended.getElementAt({ appended.getSize() - 1 }) == 100)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }

.. _example-extensionindex-delete_-7:

.. dropdown:: delete_ (np_test_4_all.cpp:18411)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 18401
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          }
      
          // ============================================================================
          // SPRINT 1.2: ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS TESTS
          // ============================================================================
      
          void np_test_phase1_delete() {
            std::cout << "========= delete_: element deletion ====";
      
            auto arr = numpy::array({10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
            auto result = numpy::delete_(arr, 2);  // Delete index 2 (value 30)
      
            // Verify size reduced
            if (result.getSize() != 4) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : delete_ result size is " << result.getSize() << ", expected 4\n";
              throw std::runtime_error("delete_ failed: wrong size");
            }
      
            // Verify correct element was removed
            if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 10 || result.getElementAt({1}) != 20 ||
                result.getElementAt({2}) != 40 || result.getElementAt({3}) != 50) {

.. _example-extensionindex-delete_-8:

.. dropdown:: delete_ (np_test_4_all.cpp:18411)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 18401
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          }
      
          // ============================================================================
          // SPRINT 1.2: ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS TESTS
          // ============================================================================
      
          void np_test_phase1_delete() {
            std::cout << "========= delete_: element deletion ====";
      
            auto arr = numpy::array({10, 20, 30, 40, 50});
            auto result = numpy::delete_(arr, 2);  // Delete index 2 (value 30)
      
            // Verify size reduced
            if (result.getSize() != 4) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : delete_ result size is " << result.getSize() << ", expected 4\n";
              throw std::runtime_error("delete_ failed: wrong size");
            }
      
            // Verify correct element was removed
            if (result.getElementAt({0}) != 10 || result.getElementAt({1}) != 20 ||
                result.getElementAt({2}) != 40 || result.getElementAt({3}) != 50) {

.. _example-extensionindex-copy-9:

.. dropdown:: copy (np_test_1_all.cpp:9812)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 9802
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          //original.printArray();
      
          // The modification should be at position (1,1) in original
          if (!(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testSliceCopyVsViewMemoryOwnership():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(original.getElementAt({1, 1}) == 9999)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] Slice view shares memory with original";
      
          // Test slice copy (should be independent)
          auto slice_copy = original.sliceArray({{2, 4}, {2, 4}});
          // std::cout << "Slice copy [2:4, 2:4]:";
          //slice_copy.printArray();
      
          slice_copy.setElementAt({0, 0}, 7777);
      
          // std::cout << "After modifying slice copy at (0,0):" << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "Original array:" << std::endl;
          //original.printArray();
          // std::cout << "Slice copy:" << std::endl;

.. _example-extensionindex-is_unique-10:

.. dropdown:: is_unique (np_test_1_all.cpp:19676)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 19666
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          unique_array.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);
          unique_array.setElementAt({ 2 }, 3);
          unique_array.setElementAt({ 3 }, 4);
      
          auto duplicate_array = createInt32Array({ 4 }, 0);
          duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 0 }, 1);
          duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 1 }, 2);
          duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 2 }, 2);  // Duplicate
          duplicate_array.setElementAt({ 3 }, 4);
      
          if (!(set_ops::is_unique(unique_array) == true)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testUtilityFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(set_ops::is_unique(unique_array) == true)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(set_ops::is_unique(duplicate_array) == false)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testUtilityFunctions():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(set_ops::is_unique(duplicate_array) == false)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] is_unique function works correctly\n";

.. _example-extensionindex-array-11:

.. dropdown:: array (np_test_1_all.cpp:243)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 233
      :emphasize-lines: 11

          // std::cout << "Min: " << array.minArray() << std::endl;
          // std::cout << "Max: " << array.maxArray() << std::endl;
      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void testReshapeAndFlatten() {
          std::cout << "========= testReshapeAndFlatten =======================";
      
          auto range_array = NDArray<int32>::createRange(0, 12, 1);
          // std::cout << "Range array (0-11):" << std::endl;
          //range_array.printArray();
      
          auto reshaped = range_array.reshapeArray({3, 4});
          // std::cout << "Reshaped to 3x4:";
          //reshaped.printArray();
      
          auto flattened = reshaped.flattenArray();
          // std::cout << "Flattened:" << std::endl;
          //flattened.printArray();
      

.. _example-extensionindex-clone-12:

.. dropdown:: clone (np_test_1_all.cpp:24942)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 24932
      :emphasize-lines: 11

            }
      
            // Test reproducibility
            numpy::random::PCG64DXSM rng2(11111);
            if (rng2.next_uint64() != val) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : not reproducible";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
            }
      
            // Test clone
            auto cloned = rng.clone();
            if (cloned->name() != "PCG64DXSM") {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm() : clone name incorrect";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_pcg64dxsm failed");
            }
      
            std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
          }
      
          // ============================================================================
          // PHILOX TESTS

.. _example-extensionindex-contains-13:

.. dropdown:: contains (np_test_2_all.cpp:10521)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 10511
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
            auto npz_file = load_npz(TEMP_DIR + "test_multiple.npz");
      
            // Verify keys
            auto keys = npz_file.keys();
            if (!(keys.size() == 3)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(keys.size() == 3)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("integers"))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"integers\"))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("floats"))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testNPZOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(npz_file.contains(\"floats\"))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(npz_file.contains("complex_nums"))) {

.. _example-extensionindex-difference-14:

.. dropdown:: difference (np_test_1_all.cpp:19333)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 19323
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(difference.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 5)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(difference.getElementAt({ 2 }) == 5)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "[OK] Set difference works correctly\n";
      
          // Test symmetric difference (XOR)
          auto xor_result = setxor1d(arr1, arr2);
      
          if (!(xor_result.getSize() == 4)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(xor_result.getSize() == 4)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(xor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)) {
              std::string description = std::string("testSetDifferenceOperations():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(xor_result.getElementAt({ 0 }) == 1)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

.. _example-extensionindex-dtype_name-15:

.. dropdown:: dtype_name (np_test_2_all.cpp:3567)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 3557
      :emphasize-lines: 11

                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(flags_info.writeable == true)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(flags_info.writeable == true)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
      
            // Test dtype functions
            if (!(dtype_name(arr) == "float64")) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(dtype_name(arr) == \"float64\")";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
            if (!(dtype_itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(dtype_itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
      

.. _example-extensionindex-name-16:

.. dropdown:: name (np_test_1_all.cpp:24865)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 24855
      :emphasize-lines: 11

            uint64_t before_restore = rng.next_uint64();
            rng.set_state(state);
            uint64_t after_restore = rng.next_uint64();
      
            if (before_restore != after_restore) {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_mt19937() : state restore failed";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_mt19937 failed: state");
            }
      
            // Test name
            if (rng.name() != "MT19937") {
              std::cout << "  [FAIL] : in np_test_bitgen_mt19937() : incorrect name";
              throw std::runtime_error("np_test_bitgen_mt19937 failed: name");
            }
      
            std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
          }
      
          // ============================================================================
          // PCG64 TESTS
          // ============================================================================

.. _example-extensionindex-nbytes-17:

.. dropdown:: nbytes (np_test_2_all.cpp:3547)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 3537
      :emphasize-lines: 11

            }
      
            // Test itemsize
            if (!(itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(itemsize(arr) == sizeof(double))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
      
            // Test nbytes
            if (!(nbytes(arr) == 24 * sizeof(double))) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(nbytes(arr) == 24 * sizeof(double))";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
                throw std::runtime_error(description);
            }
      
            // Test flags
            auto flags_info = flags(arr);
            if (!(flags_info.owndata == true)) {
                std::string description = std::string("testArrayInfo():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(flags_info.owndata == true)";
                std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;

.. _example-extensionindex-result-18:

.. dropdown:: result (np_test_1_all.cpp:6090)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 6080
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          // std::cout << "Timer restart test passed. Second: " << second_elapsed << " ms" << std::endl;
      
          std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
      }
      
      void test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting() {
          std::cout << "========= test_benchmark_result_storage =======================";
      
          BenchmarkResult result("TestAlgorithm", 1000, 15.5, true, 4096);
      
          if (!(result.algorithm_name == "TestAlgorithm")) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.algorithm_name == \"TestAlgorithm\")";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);
          }
          if (!(result.array_size == 1000)) {
              std::string description = std::string("test_benchmark_result_storageBenchmarkSorting():") + __FILE__ + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + ": !(result.array_size == 1000)";
              std::cout << std::string("[FAIL] ") + description << std::endl;
              throw std::runtime_error(description);

.. _example-extensionindex-size-19:

.. dropdown:: size (np_test_1_all.cpp:47)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 37
      :emphasize-lines: 11

      
      using namespace numpy;
      using namespace numpy::benchmark;
      using namespace numpy::char_;
      
      // Helper functions for array comparison tests
      namespace {
          const double TOLERANCE = 1e-10;
      
          bool allTrue(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
              std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);
              do {
                  if (!arr.getElementAt(indices)) {
                      return false;
                  }
              } while (incrementIndices(indices, arr.getShape()));
              return true;
          }
      
          bool allFalse(const NDArray<bool>& arr) {
              std::vector<size_t> indices(arr.getShape().size(), 0);

.. _example-extensionindex-values-20:

.. dropdown:: values (np_test_1_all.cpp:15133)
   :class-title: example-dropdown

   .. code-block:: cpp
      :linenos:
      :lineno-start: 15123
      :emphasize-lines: 11

              std::cout << " -> tests passed" << std::endl;
            }
            else {
              std::cout << "[FAIL] Where function failed" << std::endl;
              errors++;
            }
      
            // Test 8: Clip function
            std::cout << "========= test_clip_function =======================" ;
      
            numpy::NDArray<double> values({ 5 });
            values.setElementAt({ 0 }, -2.0);
            values.setElementAt({ 1 }, -1.0);
            values.setElementAt({ 2 }, 0.5);
            values.setElementAt({ 3 }, 2.0);
            values.setElementAt({ 4 }, 5.0);
            double min_val = -1.0;
            double max_val = 3.0;
      
            auto clip_result = numpy::clip(values, min_val, max_val);